PRAISE AND PUNISHMENT FOR THE “FAIRER SEX” FOR SUPPORTING THE PARTY OF RIGHT IN CIVIL CROATIA DURING THE 1880s

U izvornom gradivu iz Hrvatskoga državnog arhiva u Zagrebu te pravaškome političkom tisku od početka 1880-ih mogu se pronaći zanimljivi podaci koji potvrđuju da je Stranka prava u vrijeme prerastanja u nacionalni pokret imala simpatizera i među ženama. U radu se prikazuje na koje su načine žene iskazivale svoju privrženost Stranci prava i njezinim prvacima, a središnje su protagonistice učiteljice Anka Tkalčić i Vera Tkalec, koje su simpatiziranjem pravaštva privukle pažnju vlasti i ugrozile svoje egzistencije.In original documents from the Croatian State Archive in Zagreb as well as the Party of Right’s publications from the beginning of the 1880s interesting information can be found which shows that at the time when the Party of Right grew into a national movement it had support among women. While the “fairer sex” in the satirical and humoristic pages of the Rightist press was ridiculed for an exaggerated interest in dance and entertainment, fashion-consciousness, extravagance, haughtiness, the reading of foreign, German and French, novels, and most especially a lack of interest in the situation and fate of the Croat people, even a hatred toward Croatia, the Rightist political press also noted various public expressions of sympathy and support by female “fatherlanders” for the Party of Right and its leaders. While women, primarily from the artisanal, merchant, and peasant classes, expressed their sympathy for the Party of Right through greetings to Ante Starčević on his patron saint’s day, applause and hurrahs from the galleries of the Sabor, the decoration and showering of Party of Right leaders with flowers, and other such expressions of support, the authorities paid little mind to them for the most part during the 1880s. However, already in 1882 the report that female teachers were adhering to the “revolutionary ideas” of the Party of Right led the authorities to react promptly and with rather harsh penalties. The main protagonists of this article are two teachers, Anka Tkalčić and Vera Tkalec, who by their sympathy for Rightism drew the attention of the authorities and endangered their livelihoods. For inculcating the youth with “revolutionary ideas,” discovered in the “traces” of the school assignments of her students, Anka Tkalčić was not only dismissed from her position at the school in Bakar, but also permanently barred from the teaching profession. Some months later, in the case of Vera Tkalec, merely the “great suspicion” that she was a supporter of the Party of Right was sufficient for a recommendation to be made to Ban Pejačević to subject her to the “strictest surveillance” and transfer her from Senj to a village

Croatian women and the Party of the Right during the 1880s

Despite the fact that women were denied the right to political decision-making both inside and outside of the established legal framework, the question arises as to whether Croatian women in the latter half of the nineteenth century exhibited any interest in politics and political life in Civil Croatia, and whether they demonstrated their preference for a specific political party in any way whatsoever. In this work, the author attempts to respond to this question by analyzing the political press of the Party of the Right from the beginning of the 1880s and primary materials from the Croatian State Archives in Zagreb in which, as in the press, rare sources for the history of women are interwoven into the plethora of sources on the activities of men. The ways in which women demonstrated their preference for the Party of the Right and its leaders are shown. The central protagonists are the teachers Anka Tkalčić and Vera Tkalec, whose open sympathies for the Party of the Right drew the attention of the authorities and placed their livelihoods in jeopardy

Stranka prava i izbori za Hrvatski sabor na području bivše Vojne krajine 1883. godine

Nakon obnove i povratka na hrvatsku političku scenu Stranka prava od početka 1880-ih zahvaljujući, između ostalog, i većem broju pristaša na bivšem krajiškom području koje je 1881. utjelovljeno Banskoj Hrvatskoj prerasta u širok narodni pokret. Izbori za Hrvatski sabor 1883. bili su prvi konkretan pokazatelj prisutnosti i utjecaja Stranke prava na prostoru nekadašnje Vojne krajine. Prikazujući različit stupanj popularnosti Stranke prava u pojedinim dijelovima bivše Hrvatsko-slavonske krajine, autorica je analizirajući tijek i rezulatate izbora u izbornim kotarevima u kojima su kandidirani članovi Stranke prava težište stavila na istraživanje i utvrđivanje društvene strukture pravaških kandidata, glavnih agitatora u vrijeme predizborne kampanje te njihovih sljedbenika-izbornika

SENJ UND SENJER IN DER RECHTSPARTEILICHKEITSBEWEGUNG IN ACHTZIGER JAHREN DES 19. JAHRHUNDERTS

Suvremenici kao i istraživači novije hrvatske povijesti smatrali su Senj 1880-ih najjačim uporištem Stranke prava u Banskoj Hrvatskoj. Pobjeda kandidata Stranke prava na izborima za Hrvatski sabor 1878., 1881., 1884., pa i 1887. iako je naknadno pobjednikom proglašen kandidat režimske Narodne stranke, te prevladavajući upliv pravaških pristaša u društvenom, a i gospodarskom životu Senja, potvrđuju utemeljenost takve ocjene. Zbog pristajanja nezavisnoga senjskog građanstva uz ideje Ante Starčevića, kao i činjenice da je zaslugom senjskih agitatora pravaški pokret od početka 1880-ih stjecao sve više pristaša i u okolnim, gospodarski i prometno k Senju gravitirajućim područjima, a što se pokazalo tijekom izbora 1883. na području bivše Gornje krajine, "tvrđava" Stranke prava bila je izložena žestokim pristiscima Pejačevićeve, a zatim i Khuenove vlade. Nezakonitim postupcima i nasilnim sredstvima i mjerama Senj se nastojalo pretvoriti u politički "lojalan" grad. Premda za vrijeme Khuenova banovanja na saborskim izborima u Senju pobjedu odnose kandidati Narodne stranke, pravaška politička opcija među senjskim građanstvom i nadalje je uživala znatnu potporu.The crisis in Senj’s economy in the 1870’s had influenced the political orientation of independent citizens who in the second half of the 1870’s sympathised with the ideas of Ante Starčević and his Party of Law which returned to the Croatian political scene in that period surviving the crisis after the Rakovica Uprising in 1871. During 1880’s Senj was known as a ‘tower’ of the Party of Law and their stronghold in Civil Croatia in which the ‘uprising’ ideas spread amongst the whole nation. Senj citizens chose the Party of Law candidate in elections of 1878, 1881, 1884 and 1887 (although those elections were annulated). The town of Senj was important to the movement of the Party of Law in the 1880’s for spreading ideas to the areas of the ex-Military Border and especially to the ex-Upper Military Border territory where people were more oriented to Senj in economical and traffic and transport senses. During elections for the Croatian parliament in 1883 in the ex-Military Border area, candidates from the Party of Law from Senj participated for the first time. They also campaigned for more Party of Law candidates in Lika-Krbava County. Pejačević and Khuen’s government put pressure on the town of Senj because of its sympathy for the Party of Law. Government commissioners had expelled members of the Party of Law in Senj illegally. They wanted to extinguish the spirit of the party from the town’s government and from the clerics and teachers. They tried to make a politically loyal town from this ‘Party of Law stronghold’. During Khuen’s government in Croatia in the elections in Senj the majority was won by the Popular Party, but Senj stayed loyal to the ‘Party of Law’.Schwere Krise der Senjer Wirtschaft in der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts spiegelte sich wieder in der politischen Orientierung der unabhängigen Senjer Bürger, die zu dieser Zeit hauptsächlich zu den Ideen von Ante Starčević gewandt waren, bzw. zu der Rechtspartei, die zu dieser Zeit auf die politische Bühne zurückkehrt, nach einer mehrjährigen Krise, in die sie, nach der Auferstehung in Rakovica 1871 hineingeraten war.Im Laufe der achtziger Jahre des 19. Jahrhunderts stand die Stadt Senj in Ruf einer Festung der Rechtsparteilichkeit, bzw. eines der heftigsten Stützpunkte der Rechtspartei des Banal Kroatien, wo umstürzlerische Ideen alle Schichten des Volkes, ohne Rücksicht auf Alter, Geschlecht oder Beruf, durchgedrungen hatten. Die Senjer bewiesen ihre Rechtlichkeit bei den aufeinanderfolgenden Wählen 1878, 1881, sogar 1887, obwohl diese letzten Wählen für ungültig erklärt wurden.Die Bedeutung von Senj in der Rechtsparteilichkeitsbewegung achtziger Jahre war desto größer je von dieser Stadt aus die rechtsparteilichen Ideen auf das ganze Gebiet der einstigen Militärgrenze verbreitet wurden, besonders auf das Gebiet der Ober-Militärgrenze, die auf dem Feld des Verkehrs und der Wirtschaft nach Senj hingewiesen war. Zur Zeit der Wählen für den kroatischen Parlament auf dem einstigen Gebiet der Militärgrenze, zuerst 1883, dann auch später, waren die Senjer Rechtsparteianhänger Kandidaten für die Abgeordneten, oder agitierten für die Kandidaten der Rechtspartei auf dem Gebiet der Gespanschaft Lika - Senj. Deswegen war Senj starken Drücken des Regimes von Pejačević und später Khuen ausgesetzt, da dieses Regime als Ziel hatte Senj in eine loyale Stadt zu verwandeln. Trotz den Leiden und der Bedrängung konnte die volksfeindliche Regierung die rechtsparteiliche Bewegung in Senj nicht brechen - diese Partei hatte unter den Bürgern in der Stadt Senj in allen Umständen eine starke Unterstützung

THE PARTY OF RIGHT\u27S »HERVATSKA« CONCERNING THE CONDITIONS IN THE MILITARY FRONTIER IN 1871

Autorica na temelju analize članaka u pravaškom tjedniku Hervatska ukazuje na brojne probleme koji su u razdoblju neposredno pred ustanak u Rakovici 1871. pojačavali već ionako prisutno nezadovoljstvo pučanstva Vojne krajine.The Party of Right\u27s weekly, Hervatska, which was published in Zagreb from January to October 1871, devoted much attention to the many problems effecting the population of the Military Frontier. Widespread disaffection in the Military Frontier was understandable due to the critical economic, cultural, educational, and health conditions. Seeing these problems as closely connected to the constitutional and legal status of the Military Frontier, the writers of Hervatska demanded the dismantling of its separate (military) administration and its reintegration into a territorially whole and independent Croatian state, wherein the problems of the Military Frontier could be solved by the people themselves through freely-elected representatives in the Croatian Sabor (Parliament). Besides these publically expressed concepts, one can discern between the lines of the articles written in Hervatska during 1871 that some adherents of the Party of Right held other ideas as to how to solve the problems of the Military Frontier, and indeed, the Croatian question generally; these individuals hoped that the amassed disaffections of the Frontier\u27s inhabitants would be resolved by force

A CONTRIBUTION TO THE BIOGRAPHY OF DR. JURAJ ŽERJAVIĆ , A PARISH PRIEST IN MARIJA BISTRICA (1874-1910)

Pitanje sudjelovanja i uloge katoličkog svećenstva u pravaškom pokretu 80-ih godina 19. stoljeć a nedovoljno je istražena tema, premda se pristajanje svećenstva uz pravašku misao Ante Starčevića može pratiti od povratka pravaša na političku scenu 1878., a posebno od početka 1880-ih godina, kada se Stranka prava pretvara u vodeću političku snagu na području Banske Hrvatske i s njom 1881. sjedinjene Vojne krajine. U tom kontekstu posebno mjesto pripada svećenicima, župnicima i kapelanima Hrvatskog zagorja koji su, sudeći po podacima iz arhivske građe kao i onodobnoga režimskog i oporbenog političkog tiska, imali važnu ulogu u širenju pravaških ideja među zagorskim pukom. Tome krugu pravaški opredijeljenih svećenika pripadao je i dr. Juraj Žerjavić , župnik u Mariji Bistrici, čije se pravaško političko opredjeljenje može pratiti od 1884. kada je na izborima za Hrvatski sabor glasovao za kandidata Stranke prava, preko 1886., kada polaže kauciju za pravaško političko glasilo »Hrvatska« do izbora 1887. i njegove uloge u poznatoj aferi s 30 mandata ponuđenih pravašima za suradnju s režimskom Narodnom strankom protiv izborne koalicije oporbenih stranakaIf one investigates the return of the Party of Right in the political life of Croatia (1878) it is visible that among its members the number of catholic priests had increased from the beginning of 1880’s. The election results dating from 1881, 1883 and 1884 can easily sup-port this statement. With no trouble one can notice that among the candidates of the Party of Right there were many of parish priests, as well as that many priest helped in agitation among voters during the elections. In the region of Zagorje these activities among the priest was rather popular, so the priests and chaplains propagated the program among their flock. According to the presently known data, parish priest of Marija Bistrica and sub-deacon of Stubica district dr. Juraj Žerjavić also supported the Party of Right. Although it is known in the historiography that this distinguished parish priest became active in the party only from the 1890’s, the data preserved in the State archives of Croatia together with information from the contemporary newspapers suggest that he was well known and active already from the 80’s. His engagement in the Party of Right can be followed already from 1884 when he voted for the Party’s candidate on the elections for the Croatian Parliament. Similarly, in 1886 he subscribed himself for the Party’s political newspapers Hrvatska [Croatia]. Moreover, in 1887 regime newspapers concluded that Žerjavić »became a furious follower of Ante Starčević «. This confirms that his engagement in the Party was not only supportive. By the same token, the affair in the eve of the elections of 1887, when the Party was suggested to collaborate with Khuen’s regime in exchange for 30 seats in the Parliament, shows that Žerjavić had a prominent status in the Party of Right already before 90’s

PARTY OF RIGHTS\u27 HUMORIST-SATIRICAL NEWSPAPERS/MAGAZINES AS CARRIERS OF POLITICAL MESSAGES IN THE 1880\u27S

U ovom članku autorica iznosi historijat pravaških humorističko-satiričkih listova 80-ih godina 19. stoljeća, prikazuje razloge sklonosti pravaša tom žanru novinstva te ilustrira s nekoliko primjera stil i sadržaj političkih poruka upućivanih čitateljstvu preko tih listova.The quick accession of the Party of Rights (SP) movement in the 1880\u27s was followed by various publishing activities. The followers of SP were publishing political and literary newspapers, magazines, brochures, almanacs and calendars, as well as several humourist-satirical newspapers - Vragoljan (The Rogue), Bič (The Whip), Tries (Slam), Novi Bič (The New Whip), Osa (The Wasp), Ćuk (The Owl), Štipavac (The Scorpion) - which were in that period the characteristics of the SP journalism, as other political parties in the Banal Croatia usually did not publish such newspapers. Since their coming to the Croatian political scene the SP was the most radical critic of the political, economical, cultural and moral situation in which the Croatian nation was situated, and the humorist-satirical newspaper were the most adequate form of journalism for expressing critical judgments and remarks, which was primarily used to affect the emotions of readers. The SP humor and satire \u27\u27whipped" and ridiculed out the authorities and power, amorality, hypocrisy, arrogance, vanity and poltroonery, that is all faults and deformations that are according to the opinion of the author present in the society, but the emphasis was however placed on political occasions and relationships, as well as on prominent public figures

Zvekan - humor, satira i karikatura kao sredstvo pravaške političke propagande

Ovaj je rad prilog proučavanju početaka pravaškog novinstva u Banskoj Hrvatskoj. Autorica istražuje osnovne ideje i stavove pravaškog ideologa Ante Starčevića iznesene u prvom pravaškom glasilu Zvekan, koje je u obliku humorističko-satiričkog lista počelo izlaziti u Zagrebu 1867. godine. Napadajući i ismijavajući prvenstveno ideologiju i politiku Narodne stranke, ali i općenito mane i poroke svoga vremena, Starčević istovremeno zagovara promjenu postojećeg stanja u skladu s pravaškim idejama i koncepcijama