Zgromadzenie Bałtyckie – instytucja trójstronnej współpracy parlamentarnej państw bałtyckich

Matters related to the most recent history of the Baltic Assembly’s emergence is multidimensional and enormous. Therefore, this reporting and analytical study is synthetic. The analysis of the activities of the Baltic Assembly reflects trilateral political communication between Baltic states from 1991 to 2009. The integration process of Baltic states with the European Union to a large extent depended on this concerted cooperation of the Baltic states’ representatives within the Baltic Assembly. The presented information shows, however, that the political, economic, cultural and historical views of Lithuanian, Latvian and Estonian politicians were extremely different on more than one occasion, and their respective priorities of domestic and foreign policies were sometimes radically different. Not every resolution passed during the session of the Baltic Assembly was actually implemented. Most have been partially realized while others have failed to be realized at all. The inability to form a practically operating Customs Association was a painful issue in the trilateral cooperation of Baltic states. Complete economic freedom between the partners has never actually come to existence either. In the author’s opinion, the geopolitical position of Small Baltic States imposes certain conditions, and the fundamental condition to be noticed on the global international arena is group solidarity, which is the basic statutory aim of the Baltic Assembly.Matters related to the most recent history of the Baltic Assembly’s emergence is multidimensional and enormous. Therefore, this reporting and analytical study is synthetic. The analysis of the activities of the Baltic Assembly reflects trilateral political communication between Baltic states from 1991 to 2009. The integration process of Baltic states with the European Union to a large extent depended on this concerted cooperation of the Baltic states’ representatives within the Baltic Assembly. The presented information shows, however, that the political, economic, cultural and historical views of Lithuanian, Latvian and Estonian politicians were extremely different on more than one occasion, and their respective priorities of domestic and foreign policies were sometimes radically different. Not every resolution passed during the session of the Baltic Assembly was actually implemented. Most have been partially realized while others have failed to be realized at all. The inability to form a practically operating Customs Association was a painful issue in the trilateral cooperation of Baltic states. Complete economic freedom between the partners has never actually come to existence either. In the author’s opinion, the geopolitical position of Small Baltic States imposes certain conditions, and the fundamental condition to be noticed on the global international arena is group solidarity, which is the basic statutory aim of the Baltic Assembly

An antagonist of ATP-regulated potassium channels, the guanidine derivative U-37883A, stimulates the synthesis of phosphatidylserine in rat liver endoplasmic reticulum membranes

AbstractThe guanidine derivative U-37883A has been found to stimulate in vitro synthesis of phosphatidylserine in endoplasmic reticulum membranes, catalyzed exclusively by a serine-specific base exchange enzyme. The stimulation of the enzyme activity by the drug was concentration-dependent, with EC50 of 54 μM, while the biologically inactive analog of U-37883A, U-42069, was without effect. The stimulation caused by U-37883A was enhanced under the conditions when active transport of Ca2+ into the lumen of microsomal vesicles was induced, whereas it was inhibited by a calcium ionophore, A23187, and by a specific inhibitor of Ca2+-ATPase, thapsigargin. On the other hand, a potassium ionophore, valinomycin, had no effect on phosphatidylserine synthesis. U-37883A did not affect the Km of the base exchange enzyme for serine, but greatly reduced the EC50 value of the enzyme for calcium. Furthermore, Ca2+ uptake by endoplasmic reticulum vesicles has been found to increase in the presence of U-37883A. These observations suggest that U-37883A enhances phosphatidylserine synthesis indirectly by acting on calcium transport, thus affecting calcium concentration within the lumen of endoplasmic reticulum membranes. Alternatively, the effect of the drug could be propagated via the mechanism by which phospholipid flip-flop movement, known to regulate the serine-specific base exchange reaction, is modulated

The Baltic Assembly - an Institution for Trilateral Parlamentary Cooperation of Baltic States

Matters related to the most recent history of the Baltic Assembly’s emergence is multidimensional and enormous. Therefore, this reporting and analytical study is synthetic. The analysis of the activities of the Baltic Assembly reflects trilateral political communication between Baltic states from 1991 to 2009. The integration process of Baltic states with the European Union to a large extent depended on this concerted cooperation of the Baltic states’ representatives within the Baltic Assembly. The presented information shows, however, that the political, economic, cultural and historical views of Lithuanian, Latvian and Estonian politicians were extremely different on more than one occasion, and their respective priorities of domestic and foreign policies were sometimes radically different. Not every resolution passed during the session of the Baltic Assembly was actually implemented. Most have been partially realized while others have failed to be realized at all. The inability to form a practically operating Customs Association was a painful issue in the trilateral cooperation of Baltic states. Complete economic freedom between the partners has never actually come to existence either. In the author’s opinion, the geopolitical position of Small Baltic States imposes certain conditions, and the fundamental condition to be noticed on the global international arena is group solidarity, which is the basic statutory aim of the Baltic Assembly

Polska a bałtycka koncepcja polityki integracyjnej w Regionie Morza Bałtyckiego na początku XX i XXI wieku

In order to realize the meaning of the major historical events and the essence of contemporary initiatives in the context of the Baltic Sea Region (BSR), this paper identifies the following issues: – efforts of the Polish diplomacy to create a stable form of political and military cooperation in the subregion of the Baltic Sea and Eastern European region in the interwar period; – not a successful attempt to integrate The Triple Baltic Entente by the Baltic States (Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia); – presentation of the factors that determine the effective and successful partnerships emerging in the BSR in the early twenty-first century, with particular emphasis on the initiatives taken by Poland and Baltic states; – efforts of Poland and the Baltic states to jointly cope with the formation of „unity of brotherhood” in BSR. Last but least, the article presents an analysis of the Polish foreign policy at the beginning of the century and the general directives for the newly established Baltic countries (Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia)

Poland and the Baltic concept of integration policy in the Baltic sea region at the beginning of the century

In order to realize the meaning of the major historical events and the essence of contemporary initiatives in the context of the Baltic Sea Region (BSR), this paper identifies the following issues: – efforts of the Polish diplomacy to create a stable form of political and military cooperation in the subregion of the Baltic Sea and Eastern European region in the interwar period; – not a successful attempt to integrate The Triple Baltic Entente by the Baltic States (Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia); – presentation of the factors that determine the effective and successful partnerships emerging in the BSR in the early twenty-first century, with particular emphasis on the initiatives taken by Poland and Baltic states; – efforts of Poland and the Baltic states to jointly cope with the formation of „unity of brotherhood” in BSR. Last but least, the article presents an analysis of the Polish foreign policy at the beginning of the century and the general directives for the newly established Baltic countries (Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia)

Transformacja postkomunistycznych państw nadbałtyckich w świetle międzynarodowych procesów politycznych w latach 1991–2004

In this article theoretical concepts were presented. These concepts give a possibility of a immediate look in the process of initiation of the Baltic states of international cooperation. You still should be aware of the fact that they don’t explain dynamic process of this kind of cooperation and probably this is the cause why the are not perspective. However, while looking at the empirical research, you can see that changes of transformation of the post communistic Baltic countries are based on various factors; inner – political system, socioeconomics, institutional and also international. On the successive stage of the transformation of the Baltic states (after 2004), not only the existence of newly created (created using and basing on the experiences of international institutions) democratic institutions, but also the character of the relationship of the state towards civil society, becomes the basic sign of the quality of changes. On the other hand, the quality of the normative transformation of the newly created political and socioeconomic systems determines their ability of effective functioning in diverse international society. It shall be remembered, that the characteristic feature of the society is slow adapting to the new, that’s why in Latvia Lithuania and Estonia, it will take long for the political and socioeconomic transformation to end

Regional Cooperation of Baltic States (Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia) and the Globalisation Challenges

This publication aims at presenting the significance of the regionalization or rather integration process taking place in post-communist Baltic States (Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia) in the light of globalisation, with particular attention on political and economic aspects. This article also aims at presenting this problem in a very concise way, both substantially and quantitatively. The Europe of the XXI century is an integrating Europe, and by means of regional integration it moves towards a higher range of integration – globalisation. Thus, each European country, including post-communist Baltic States (Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia) while adapting to quality changes of contemporariness, realizes both the regionalization or integration processes, as well as globalisation one