Trends in obesity and diabetes across Africa from 1980 to 2014: an analysis of pooled population-based studies

Background: The 2016 Dar Es Salaam Call to Action on Diabetes and Other non-communicable diseases (NCDs) advocates national multi-sectoral NCD strategies and action plans based on available data and information from countries of sub-Saharan Africa and beyond. We estimated trends from 1980 to 2014 in age-standardized mean body mass index (BMI) and diabetes prevalence in these countries, in order to assess the co-progression and assist policy formulation. Methods: We pooled data from African and worldwide population-based studies which measured height, weight and biomarkers to assess diabetes status in adults aged ≥ 18 years. A Bayesian hierarchical model was used to estimate trends by sex for 200 countries and territories including 53 countries across five African regions (central, eastern, northern, southern and western), in mean BMI and diabetes prevalence (defined as either fasting plasma glucose of ≥ 7.0 mmol/l, history of diabetes diagnosis, or use of insulin or oral glucose control agents). Results: African data came from 245 population-based surveys (1.2 million participants) for BMI and 76 surveys (182 000 participants) for diabetes prevalence estimates. Countries with the highest number of data sources for BMI were South Africa (n = 17), Nigeria (n = 15) and Egypt (n = 13); and for diabetes estimates, Tanzania (n = 8), Tunisia (n = 7), and Cameroon, Egypt and South Africa (all n = 6). The age-standardized mean BMI increased from 21.0 kg/m2 (95% credible interval: 20.3–21.7) to 23.0 kg/m2 (22.7–23.3) in men, and from 21.9 kg/m2 (21.3–22.5) to 24.9 kg/m2 (24.6–25.1) in women. The age-standardized prevalence of diabetes increased from 3.4% (1.5–6.3) to 8.5% (6.5–10.8) in men, and from 4.1% (2.0–7.5) to 8.9% (6.9–11.2) in women. Estimates in northern and southern regions were mostly higher than the global average; those in central, eastern and western regions were lower than global averages. A positive association (correlation coefficient ≃ 0.9) was observed between mean BMI and diabetes prevalence in both sexes in 1980 and 2014. Conclusions: These estimates, based on limited data sources, confirm the rapidly increasing burden of diabetes in Africa. This rise is being driven, at least in part, by increasing adiposity, with regional variations in observed trends. African countries’ efforts to prevent and control diabetes and obesity should integrate the setting up of reliable monitoring systems, consistent with the World Health Organization’s Global Monitoring System Framework

Más allá del ámbito clínico en el cuidado de la hipertensión arterial

Se contrastaron las recomendaciones contenidas en el séptimo informe del Comité nacional conjunto para la prevención, detección, evaluación y tratamiento de la hipertensión arterial (JNC 7) con un artículo reciente de Aram V. Chobanian, quien fuera presidente del JNC 7. El propósito fue identificar cuáles son los cambios propuestos por este autor y cómo podrían afectar la actuación clínica, así como sus implicaciones en los servicios sanitarios y la salud pública. El JNC 7 y el mencionado artículo coinciden en todos los puntos esenciales, con la excepción de que este último es más flexible en la utilización de diuréticos para iniciar el tratamiento de la hipertensión arterial (HTA). Se considera que la atención de las enfermedades crónicas debería inscribirse en sistemas de salud con un enfoque de atención primaria, donde la epidemiología de tales enfermedades y los avances en la prevención ofrecen una excelente ocasión para rediseñar y hacer más efectivos los servicios de salud. La HTA, como un problema poblacional, requiere de intervenciones sanitarias orientadas no solo a conjurar los daños sino a modificar sus determinantes etiológicos. El desafío es reconocer que un enfoque integrado de medicina clínica, servicios de salud y salud pública, proporcionaría una atractiva oportunidad para interrumpir y prevenir el continuo y costoso círculo que supone el manejo de la HTA y sus complicaciones

Salud internacional y nuevas formas de asociación: el Diálogo Multipartito y el Foro de Socios International health and new forms of association: the Multipartite Dialogue and the Partners Forum

Se describen y analizan dos iniciativas de cooperación en salud pública en las cuales participan representantes de la sociedad civil, la academia, el sector público y sector privado de las Américas. Una de ellas -el Diálogo Multipartito- promueve la aproximación intersectorial en su más amplio concepto, mientras que la otra -el Foro de Socios- si bien representa una iniciativa institucional, asigna mayor atención a las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. Ambas constituyen un llamado a la acción para los gobiernos y ofrecen alternativas para enfrentar más efectivamente los problemas de la salud regional.<br>Two cooperative public health initiatives involving representatives of civil society, academia, and the public and private sectors of the Americas are described and analyzed. One of them-the Multipartite Dialogue-promotes an intersectoral approach in its broadest sense, and the other-the Partners Forum-while it represents an institutional initiative, pays particular attention to chronic noncommunicable diseases. Both are a call to action for governments and offer alternatives to tackle regional health problems more effectively

Raising the priority of chronic noncommunicable diseases in the Caribbean Aumentar la prioridad de las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles en el Caribe

The Caribbean's long history of cooperation in health now focuses on noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), given that Caribbean Community (CARICOM) countries have the highest NCD burden in the Americas. The heads of government convened a first in the world one-day summit on NCDs, largely due to advocacy by George Alleyne and others, on the health, social, and economic impact of NCDs; the need for upstream multisectoral interventions to address the common, multifactoral risks; and the need for increased global attention to NCDs. Implementation of the NCD Summit Declaration mandates was most effective in larger countries with greater capacity, but countries of all sizes performed well, when they had regional or global support. Progress was limited in regional approaches to food security, labeling, and elimination of trans fats. Inadequate funding stymied several resource-dependent interventions. Monitoring mechanisms were established, but more concrete goals are needed, especially for actions of nonhealth government agencies.La larga trayectoria de cooperación de los países del Caribe en materia de salud se centra ahora en las enfermedades no transmisibles (ENT), puesto que los países integrantes de la Comunidad del Caribe (CARICOM) soportan la mayor carga de estas enfermedades en la Región de las Américas. Los jefes de gobierno convocaron una cumbre de un día, la primera del mundo, sobre las ENT, en gran parte gracias a la tarea de concientización llevada a cabo por George Alleyne y otros, con objeto de tratar las repercusiones sanitarias, sociales y económicas de las ENT; la necesidad de intervenciones multisectoriales tempranas para abordar los riesgos comunes y multifactoriales; y la necesidad de que se conceda mayor atención a las ENT a escala mundial. La ejecución de los mandatos de la Declaración de la Cumbre sobre las ENT fue más eficaz en los países más grandes y con mayor capacidad, pero países de distintos tamaños actuaron satisfactoriamente cuando contaron con la ayuda regional o mundial. En los enfoques regionales, el progreso se limitó a la seguridad alimentaria, la rotulación y la eliminación de las grasas trans. El financiamiento insuficiente obstaculizó diversas intervenciones que dependían del aporte de recursos. Se establecieron mecanismos de vigilancia, pero es preciso establecer metas más concretas, especialmente en lo referente a las actividades de los organismos gubernamentales de ámbitos ajenos a la salud

Building capacity of healthcare professionals and community members to address climate and health threats in the Bahamas: Analysis of a green climate fund pilot workshop

Climate change is a preeminent threat to health and health systems in The Bahamas. Climate and health resilience depends upon a knowledgeable and coordinated healthcare system and workforce that is highly connected and coordinated with a knowledgeable and empowered community. We present the methodology and results of a novel educational workshop, designed to increase the knowledge and awareness of health care professionals and community members with the goal of empowering them to engage in climate mitigation and adaptation strategies. Following the training, participants demonstrated increased knowledge of the causes of climate change, health exposures, climate-sensitive diseases, and vulnerable populations relevant to The Bahamas. Further, participants reported high levels of willingness and readiness to tackle climate change and its health consequences. Results from this workshop suggest that such a model may serve as a guide for building grass-roots resilience in communities worldwide

Zika virus outbreak in 19 English- and Dutch-speaking Caribbean countries and territories, 2015–2016

Surveillance for Zika virus was enhanced in the English- and Dutch-speaking Caribbean following emergence of the virus in Brazil in May 2015. The first autochthonous case of Zika in the Caribbean was reported by Suriname in November 2015, and the virus subsequently spread rapidly throughout the region. Caribbean Public Health Agency (CARPHA) member states (CMS) reported clinically suspected cases of Zika and submitted serum specimens to the agency for laboratory investigation. A patient was considered a confirmed case if Zika virus was detected by real-time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay or serological test. Due to the documented link between 1) Zika virus and congenital syndrome, and 2) Zika virus and Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS), data on both of these disease outcomes were extracted from country and regional reports. This special report describes the epidemiology of laboratory-confirmed Zika cases reported to CARPHA, including links with both congenital syndrome and GBS, for 19 English- and Dutch-speaking Caribbean countries during the epidemic period (1 October 2015–29 December 2016)

Regionalization as an approach to regulatory systems strengthening: a case study in CARICOM member states

ABSTRACT Improving basic capacities for regulation of medicines and health technologies through regulatory systems strengthening is particularly challenging in resource-constrained settings. “Regionalization”—an approach in which countries with common histories, cultural values, languages, and economic conditions work together to establish more efficient systems—may be one answer. This report describes the Caribbean Regulatory System (CRS), a regionalization initiative being implemented in the mostly small countries of the Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM). This initiative is an innovative effort to strengthen regulatory systems in the Caribbean, where capacity is limited compared to other subregions of the Americas. The initiative’s concept and design includes a number of features and steps intended to enhance sustainability in resource-constrained contexts. The latter include 1) leveraging existing platforms for centralized cooperation, governance, and infrastructure; 2) strengthening regulatory capacities with the largest potential public health impact; 3) incorporating policies that promote reliance on reference authorities; 4) changing the system to encourage industry to market their products in CARICOM (e.g., using a centralized portal of entry to reduce regulatory burdens); and 5) building human resource capacity. If implemented properly, the CRS will be self-sustaining through user fees. The experience and lessons learned thus far in implementing this initiative, described in this report, can serve as a case study for the development of similar regulatory strengthening initiatives in resource-constrained environments