Characterization and Representation of Weighted Core Inverse of Matrices

In this paper, we introduce new representation and characterization of the weighted core inverse of matrices. Several properties of these inverses and their interconnections with other generalized inverses are explored. Through one-sided core and dual-core inverse, the existence of a generalized weighted Moore-Penrose inverse of matrices is proposed. Further, by applying a new representation and using the properties of the weighted core inverse of a matrix, we discuss a few new results related to the reverse order law for these inverses.Comment: 18 page

Foot-and-mouth disease in elephants in Kerala state of India during 2013

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious acute vesicular disease of the cloven-hoofed animals including cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, pigs along with more than 70 wildlife species. During the year 2013, FMD outbreaks were recorded in the southern peninsular India comprising the states of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Andhra Pradesh. Besides domestic livestock, captive elephants in Kerala were also affected by FMD. The suspected FMD outbreak in six elephants occurred in Neendoor of Kottayam district, Guruvayoor and Thrissur of Thrissur district in Kerala during November - December 2013. The first clinical signs recorded in the elephants were loss of appetite and lameness with mild fever. Frank lesions were grossly evident on the tongue, palate and inner mucous membrane of trunk with exudates from nostrils. There was copious salivation often appeared to be drooling. Severe lameness led to recumbency. Erosive lesions were also noticed in foot-slipper. The foot with blisters turned to open sores making the animals difficult to stand and walk. Clinical samples (foot/oral/tongue/trunk/nasal epithelium) from the FMD-suspected elephants were collected in 50% phosphate buffered saline/glycerol medium (pH-7.5). Supernatants of the homogenized clinical samples were used in a serotype differentiating antigen detection ELISA and samples found negative were further subjected to multiplex PCR. All clinical samples were found positive for FMD virus (FMDV) serotype O in antigen detection ELISA and in mPCR. The VP1 region based phylogenetic analysis indicated the involvement of O/Middle East-South Asia/Ind2001d sub-lineage of FMDV serotype O, which was also responsible for severe disease in domestic livestock in southern states of India during 2013

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Not AvailableFoot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a transboundary animal disease caused by foot-and-mouth disease virus. In India, systematic preventive vaccination using inactivated trivalent (O, A and Asia 1) vaccine is the strategy being adopted to control FMD. The use of non-structural protein (NSP)-contaminated inactivated vaccine raises concerns over differentiation of infected and vaccinated animals (DIVA) by NSP based immunoassays. However, 2C being a membrane associated protein usually remain absent in vaccine formulations and thus, anti-2C response is one of the most reliable indicator of the FMDV infection. In this study, 34 amino acids from N-terminus of 2C protein were removed to eliminate membrane-binding amphipathic helicase activity for the expression of recombinant protein in soluble form. Truncated 2C (2Ct) was utilized for development of an indirect ELISA (I-ELISA) for bovine and the developed 2Ct I-ELISA was validated using a panel constituting of serum of naïve, vaccinated and infected animals. The assay was compared with the in-house r3AB3 I-ELISA and the overall concordance was 85.31%. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the 2Ct I-ELISA were 92.9% and 94.0%, respectively. The apparent prevalence of anti-2C antibodies for random bovine samples tested by the developed assay was 23.7%. The developed ELISA will help in augmenting the sensitivity of detection if used in combination with r3AB3 I-ELISA for sero-surveillance.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableFoot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a transboundary animal disease caused by foot-and-mouth disease virus. In India, systematic preventive vaccination using inactivated trivalent (O, A and Asia 1) vaccine is the strategy being adopted to control FMD. The use of non-structural protein (NSP)-contaminated inactivated vaccine raises concerns over differentiation of infected and vaccinated animals (DIVA) by NSP based immunoassays. However, 2C being a membrane associated protein usually remain absent in vaccine formulations and thus, anti-2C response is one of the most reliable indicator of the FMDV infection. In this study, 34 amino acids from N-terminus of 2C protein were removed to eliminate membrane-binding amphipathic helicase activity for the expression of recombinant protein in soluble form. Truncated 2C (2Ct) was utilized for development of an indirect ELISA (I-ELISA) for bovine and the developed 2Ct I-ELISA was validated using a panel constituting of serum of naïve, vaccinated and infected animals. The assay was compared with the in-house r3AB3 I-ELISA and the overall concordance was 85.31%. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the 2Ct I-ELISA were 92.9% and 94.0%, respectively. The apparent prevalence of anti-2C antibodies for random bovine samples tested by the developed assay was 23.7%. The developed ELISA will help in augmenting the sensitivity of detection if used in combination with r3AB3 I-ELISA for sero-surveillance.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableThe cDNA libraries are indispensable and critical tools for performing protein-protein interaction studies. In this study, a high quality yeast two-hybrid cDNA library from the LFBK cell line was constructed and characterized. LFBK cell line was originally derived from the swine kidney cells and is highly susceptible to foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infection. The total RNA was extracted from the LFBK cells and the switching mechanism at the 5' end of RNA template (SMART) technique was employed for the cDNA synthesis. Subsequently, double stranded cDNA was amplified by long-distance PCR, purified and co-transformed with pGADT7-rec vector in yeast strain Y187. The quality parameters of the constructed library were evaluated to qualify the constructed library. Nucleotide sequencing of the randomly selected clones from the library confirmed the swine genotype of LFBK cell line. The LFBK cDNA library was mated with the 2C protein of FMDV in yeast two-hybrid (YTH) system and several putative interaction partners were identified in the preliminary screening. The LFBK library was observed to be of high quality and could potentially be applied to protein interaction studies between FMDV and the host cells using YTH system.Not Availabl

Alternate vaccine strain selection in the wake of emerging foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype A antigenic variants in India

Not Available‘National foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) control programme’ is being implemented in India and therefore predicting vaccine match is a key surveillance task. Recently, a considerable proportion of field viruses (75.6%) showed antigenic drift from the existing serotype A vaccine strain A IND 40/2000 necessitating search for an alternate strain. Here, antigenic relationship (‘r1’ value) of 87 field viruses with each of the 8 candidate strains was estimated by virus neutralization test. A IND 27/2011 strain emerged to be the one with the widest spectrum of antigenic coverage showing ‘r1’ value of more than 0.3 with 81.6% of field strains. It achieved a reasonably high titre of log10 7.5 TCID50/ml in BHK-21 suspension cell which was accompanied by positive charge gaining substitutions (E82–K and E131–K in VP2) thought to have adaptive significance. However, potency trial remains to be conducted before A IND 27/2011 finds a place in the vaccine formulation.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableThe 3A region of foot-and-mouth disease virus has been implicated in host range and virulence. Here we analyzed the 3A region of serotype A virus in view of the emergence of a variant group in India with an amino acid deletion at an antigenically critical position of capsid protein, VP3. The 3A region exhibited extreme variability with 38% of the amino acid positions showing substitutions and the C-terminal third (127-151) region was most flexible. Genotype inclusive grouping of type A foot-and-mouth disease virus as observed in 1D region based phylogeny was much less apparent at 3A region possibly due to independent evolution of nonstructural and structural protein coding regions. Akin to the 1D region, the VP3(59)-deletion group maintained its phylogenetic distinctness even at the 3A region and was found to be diverging with time. Twelve lineage specific signature amino acid residues, of which four were identified to be experiencing positive selection, indicates fixation of advantageous mutations in a lineage specific manner. Six positions, all located in the hypervariable C-terminal third, were identified to be under positive selection and were presumed to be imparting the virus certain advantage accounting for its adaptability to wide host spectrum and rapid dissemination. A significant change of Q(44)H was noted only in the older lineage (VIIb) of the deletion group at a position where Q(44)R mutation is associated with guinea pig adaptation. As this site has been detected to be under positive selection, such a lineage specific substitution is thought to have imparted certain temporary advantage to the virus during its possible adaptation in wild or some understudied domestic hosts and must not have seriously compromised fitness upon readaptation in bovines. A conserved hydrophobic transmembrane domain from position 59 to 76 could be predicted which possibly anchors 3A to intracellular membranes for successful interaction with RNA replication complex.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableGenotype inclusive grouping of Indian type A isolates as observed in 1D region based phylogeny was distorted at complete Lpro region, where the VP359-deletion group lineages of genotype VII clustered away from both genotypes VII and VI, confirming its uniqueness and independent evolution of Lpro and 1D region. Akin to the 1D region, this deletion group is gradually diverging genetically even at L region forming more number of lineages and inter-lineage distance at L region is considerably more than that for 1D region. The deletion group is restricted to India only as none of the exotic sequences clustered within this group. Notably, L protein exhibited variability comparable to external capsid proteins as evident from its high dN/dS ratio (0.105), number of variable amino acid positions (41%), low Ts/Tv ratio (3.47) and alignment revealed N-terminal region, β2 sheet and C-terminal extension to be extremely variable. Basic residues at P1, P3 and only leucine at P2 were predicted to provide an optimum autocatalytic cleavage site at L/P1 junction. All of the eight sites identified to be under positive selection revealed aa substitutions of varied physicochemical properties and at two positions lineage specific signatures were observed, which supports the contention that lineages are evolving under differential selection pressure to adapt to the varied ecological environment.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableNational foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) control programme’ is being implemented in India and therefore predicting vaccine match is a key surveillance task. Recently, a considerable proportion of field viruses (75.6%) showed antigenic drift from the existing serotype A vaccine strain A IND 40/2000 necessitating search for an alternate strain. Here, antigenic relationship (‘r1’ value) of 87 field viruses with each of the 8 candidate strains was estimated by virus neutralization test. A IND 27/2011 strain emerged to be the one with the widest spectrum of antigenic coverage showing ‘r1’ value of more than 0.3 with 81.6% of field strains. It achieved a reasonably high titre of log10 7.5 TCID50/ml in BHK-21 suspension cell which was accompanied by positive charge gaining substitutions (E82–K and E131–K in VP2) thought to have adaptive significance. However, potency trial remains to be conducted before A IND 27/2011 finds a place in the vaccine formulation.Not Availabl