In vitro effects of nanoparticles on renal cells

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The ability of nanoparticles to cross the lung-blood barrier suggests that they may translocate to blood and to targets distant from their portal of entry. Nevertheless, nanotoxicity in organs has received little attention. The purpose of this study was to evaluate nanotoxicity in renal cells using <it>in vitro </it>models. Various carbon black (CB) (FW2–13 nm, Printex60-21 nm and LB101-95 nm) and titanium dioxide (TiO₂-15 and TiO₂-50 nm) nanoparticles were characterized on size by electron microscopy. We evaluated theirs effects on glomerular mesangial (IP15) and epithelial proximal tubular (LLC-PK₁) renal cells, using light microscopy, WST-1 assay, immunofluorescence labeling and DCFH-DA for reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Nanoparticles induced a variety of cell responses. On both IP15 and LLC-PK₁cells, the smallest FW2 NP was found to be the most cytotoxic with classic dose-behavior. For the other NPs tested, different cytotoxic profiles were found, with LLC-PK₁cells being more sensitive than IP15 cells. Exposure to FW2 NPs, evidenced in our experiments as the most cytotoxic particle type, significantly enhanced production of ROS in both IP15 and LLC-PK₁cells. Immunofluorescence microscopy using latex beads indicated that depending on their size, the cells internalized particles, which accumulated in the cell cytoplasm. Additionally using transmission electronic microscope micrographs show nanoparticles inside the cells and trapped in vesicles.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The present data constitute the first step towards determining <it>in vitro </it>dose effect of manufactured CB and TiO₂NPs in renal cells. Cytotoxicological assays using epithelial tubular and glomerular mesangial cell lines rapidly provide information and demonstrated that NP materials exhibit varying degrees of cytotoxicity. It seems clear that <it>in vitro </it>cellular systems will need to be further developed, standardized and validated (relative to <it>in vivo </it>effects) in order to provide useful screening data about the relative toxicity of nanoparticles.</p

The promising CRISPR/Cas technology for efficient genome engineering in plant

National audienc

The brassinosteroid signalling transcription factor BIM1 is involved in fruit and plant developmentin tomato

The brassinosteroid signalling transcription factor BIM1 is involved in fruit and plant developmentin tomato. 12. Solanaceae Conference SOL 201

The brassinosteroid signalling transcription factor BIM1 is involved in fruit and plant developmentin tomato

The brassinosteroid signalling transcription factor BIM1 is involved in fruit and plant developmentin tomato. 12. Solanaceae Conference SOL 201

Identification and characterization of two new transcription factors implicated in tomato fruit development

International audienc

Micro-Tom mutants for identification of target genes controlling fruit growth in tomato

Mechanisms involved in fruit size/growth are diffic ult to unravel because of complex interactions between cell specification, polarity, asymmetric division, rearrangement and growth. In the recent years, genomic approaches inc luding transcriptome, proteome and metabolome analyses have produced a wealth of candi date genes possibly involved in the control of biological processes or traits of intere st, such as fruit size. Following their discovery, the relationships between the candidate genes identified and the processes or traits of interest must be confirmed, and gene func tion needs to be assed. Forward genetics appears as the most powerful approach for the ident ification of new gene functions and mutant collections offer invaluable resources for d iscovering new phenotypes and new allelic variants. Thanks to the recent availability of tomato genomic sequence and the current availability of deep sequencing tools, link ing genotypic variations to associated phenotypic changes is now more accessible. We gener ated highly-mutagenized tomato EMS mutant resources using the miniature tomato cultiva r Micro-Tom for genetics approaches in tomato. This collection has been used, in part, for identifying novel fruit size mutants in tomato and, last, give some hints on how current de ep sequencing technologies may be used for identifying unknown mutations responsible for phenotypic changes in Micro-Tom mutants. Towards this end, a Micro-Tom EMS mutant c ollection of 3500 phenotyped lines available at INRA Bordeaux was screened for fruit s ize (small or large fruit) and pericarp thickness (thick or thin) mutants. Among these, 36 mutant lines were selected (21 fruit size mutants, 15 pericarp thickness mutants). Following confirmation of the phenotype, 20 mutant lines were submitted to detailed fruit devel opmental analysis in view of identifying fruit growth processes altered in these mutants. Th e results illustrate how screening mutant collections, which is relatively straightforward on ce the initial characterization of the mutant collection and the construction of the database hav e been done, can successfully contribute to the isolation of a large number of new fruit siz e/growth mutants and thus provide new genetic material for deciphering the mechanisms inv olved in the control of fruit growth and size

Micro-Tom mutants for identification of target genes controlling fruit growth in tomato

International audienceMechanisms involved in fruit size/growth are diffic ult to unravel because of complex interactions between cell specification, polarity, asymmetric division, rearrangement and growth. In the recent years, genomic approaches inc luding transcriptome, proteome and metabolome analyses have produced a wealth of candi date genes possibly involved in the control of biological processes or traits of intere st, such as fruit size. Following their discovery, the relationships between the candidate genes identified and the processes or traits of interest must be confirmed, and gene func tion needs to be assed. Forward genetics appears as the most powerful approach for the ident ification of new gene functions and mutant collections offer invaluable resources for d iscovering new phenotypes and new allelic variants. Thanks to the recent availability of tomato genomic sequence and the current availability of deep sequencing tools, link ing genotypic variations to associated phenotypic changes is now more accessible. We gener ated highly-mutagenized tomato EMS mutant resources using the miniature tomato cultiva r Micro-Tom for genetics approaches in tomato. This collection has been used, in part, for identifying novel fruit size mutants in tomato and, last, give some hints on how current de ep sequencing technologies may be used for identifying unknown mutations responsible for phenotypic changes in Micro-Tom mutants. Towards this end, a Micro-Tom EMS mutant c ollection of 3500 phenotyped lines available at INRA Bordeaux was screened for fruit s ize (small or large fruit) and pericarp thickness (thick or thin) mutants. Among these, 36 mutant lines were selected (21 fruit size mutants, 15 pericarp thickness mutants). Following confirmation of the phenotype, 20 mutant lines were submitted to detailed fruit devel opmental analysis in view of identifying fruit growth processes altered in these mutants. Th e results illustrate how screening mutant collections, which is relatively straightforward on ce the initial characterization of the mutant collection and the construction of the database hav e been done, can successfully contribute to the isolation of a large number of new fruit siz e/growth mutants and thus provide new genetic material for deciphering the mechanisms inv olved in the control of fruit growth and size

A direct genetic strategy for identifying novel regulators of fruit tissue morphology in tomato

International audienc

Towards a better understanding of endoreduplication in tomato fruit growth

National audienc