First-order nature of the ferromagnetic phase transition in (La-Ca)MnO_3 near optimal doping

Neutron scattering has been used to study the nature of the ferromagnetic transition in single crystals of La_0.7Ca_0.3MnO_3 and La_0.8Ca_0.2MnO_3, and polycrystalline samples of La_0.67Ca_0.33MnO_3 and La_5/8Ca_3/8MnO_3 where the naturally occurring O-16 can be replaced with the O-18 isotope. Small angle neutron scattering on the x=0.3 single crystal reveals a discontinuous change in the scattering at the Curie temperature for wave vectors below ~0.065 A^-1. Strong relaxation effects are observed for this domain scattering, for the magnetic order parameter, and for the quasielastic scattering, demonstrating that the transition is not continuous in nature. There is a large oxygen isotope effect observed for the T_C in the polycrystalline samples. For the optimally doped x=3/8 sample we observed T_C(O-16)=266.5 K and T_C(O-18)=261.5 K at 90% O-18 substitution. The temperature dependence of the spin-wave stiffness is found to be identical for the two samples despite changes in T_C. Hence, T_C is not solely determined by the magnetic subsystem, but instead the ferromagnetic phase is truncated by the formation of polarons which cause an abrupt transition to the paramagnetic, insulating state. Application of uniaxial stress in the x=0.3 single crystal sharply enhances the polaron scattering at room temperature. Measurements of the phonon density-of-states show only modest differences above and below T_C and between the two different isotopic samples.Comment: 13 pages, 16 figures, submitted to Phys. Rev.

Antiferromagnetic Order of the Ru and Gd in Superconducting RuSr2GdCu2O8

Neutron diffraction has been used to study the magnetic order in RuSr{2}GdCu2O8. The Ru moments order antiferromagnetically at T{N}=136(2)K, coincident with the previously reported onset of ferromagnetism. Neighboring spins are antiparallel in all three directions, with a low T moment of 1.18(6) mu {B} along the c-axis. Our measurements put an upper limit of ~0.1 mu{B} to any net zero-field moment, with fields exceeding ~0.4T needed to induce a measurable magnetization. The Gd ions order independently at T{N}=2.50(2)K with the same spin configuration. PACS numbers: 74.72.Jt, 75.25.+z, 74.25.Ha, 75.30.KzComment: Four pages, Latex, 5 eps figure

I-V curves and intergranular flux creep activation energy in the magnetic superconductor RuSr2GdCu2O8

A systematic study of I-V characteristic curves for RuSr2GdCu2O8 [Ru-(1212)] is presented, with magnetic fields up to 3 T and 5 K<T<30 K, in the region of the superconducting transition. The activation energy E_{a}(H,T) for flux line depinning was determined by fitting the nonlinear region of the curves using the flux creep model. E_{a}(H,T) was found to vary linearly with temperature, while a power-law dependence on the magnetic field was observed up to H=0.1 T, where an abrupt reduction in its decreasing rate occurs. The extrapolated value, E_{a}(0,0)=50 meV, is twice the reported value for YBa2Cu3O7, but the critical current density J_{C}(0,0)=70 A/cm2 is about one order of magnitude lower. These results are explained as a consequence of the contribution of the magnetization in the grains to the effective field at the intergranular links and to a spin-flop transition of the Ru-sub-lattice.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figure

Real-Time Cavity QED with Single Atoms

The combination of cold atoms and large coherent coupling enables investigations in a new regime in cavity QED with single-atom trajectories monitored in real time with high signal-to-noise ratio. The underlying “vacuum-Rabi” splitting is clearly reflected in the frequency dependence of atomic transit signals recorded atom by atom, with evidence for mechanical light forces for intracavity photon number <1. The nonlinear optical response of one atom in a cavity is observed to be in accord with the one-atom quantum theory but at variance with semiclassical predictions

Uncorrelated and correlated nanoscale lattice distortions in the paramagnetic phase of magnetoresistive manganites

Neutron scattering measurements on a magnetoresistive manganite La$_{0.75}$(Ca$_{0.45}$Sr$_{0.55}$)$_{0.25}$MnO$_3$ show that uncorrelated dynamic polaronic lattice distortions are present in both the orthorhombic (O) and rhombohedral (R) paramagnetic phases. The uncorrelated distortions do not exhibit any significant anomaly at the O-to-R transition. Thus, both the paramagnetic phases are inhomogeneous on the nanometer scale, as confirmed further by strong damping of the acoustic phonons and by the anomalous Debye-Waller factors in these phases. In contrast, recent x-ray measurements and our neutron data show that polaronic correlations are present only in the O phase. In optimally doped manganites, the R phase is metallic, while the O paramagnetic state is insulating (or semiconducting). These measurements therefore strongly suggest that the {\it correlated} lattice distortions are primarily responsible for the insulating character of the paramagnetic state in magnetoresistive manganites.Comment: 10 pages, 8 figures embedde

Magnetic Order and Spin Dynamics in Ferroelectric HoMnO3_{3}

Hexagonal HoMnO$_{3}$ is a frustrated antiferromagnet (T$_{N}$=72 K) ferroelectric (T$_{C}$=875 K) in which these two order parameters are coupled. Our neutron measurements of the spin wave dispersion for the S=2 Mn$^{3+}$ on the layered triangular lattice are well described by a two-dimensional nearest-neighbor Heisenberg exchange J=2.44 meV, and an anisotropy $D$ that is 0.093 meV above the spin reorientation transition at 40 K, and 0.126 meV below. For $H\parallel c$ the magnetic structures and phase diagram have been determined, and reveal additional transitions below 8 K where the ferroelectrically displaced Ho$^{3+}$ ions are ordered magnetically.Comment: To be published in Physical Review Letter

Spin Dynamics of the Magnetoresistive Pyrochlore Tl_2Mn_2O_7

Neutron scattering has been used to study the magnetic order and spin dynamics of the colossal magnetoresistive pyrochlore Tl_2Mn_2O_7. On cooling from the paramagnetic state, magnetic correlations develop and appear to diverge at T_C (123 K). In the ferromagnetic phase well defined spin waves are observed, with a gapless ($\Delta <0.04$ meV) dispersion relation E=Dq^{2} as expected for an ideal isotropic ferromagnet. As T approaches T_C from low T, the spin waves renormalize, but no significant central diffusive component to the fluctuation spectrum is observed in stark contrast to the La$_{1-x}$(Ca,Ba,Sr)$_x$MnO$_3$ system. These results argue strongly that the mechanism responsible for the magnetoresistive effect has a different origin in these two classes of materials.Comment: 4 pages (RevTex), 4 figures (encapsulated postscript), to be published in Phys. Rev. Let

Institutional development work in the World Bank : a review of 84 bank projects

Institutional weakness is a critical constraint to economic development. The goal of this paper is to review the design of recent Bank projects to assess the quality of their institutional development (ID) components and the factors that may affect that quality. A major focus is Bank staffing and organization, and the following issues are addressed: (a) the quality of institutional analysis and ID components in the design of current Bank project; (b) the ID work that is being done in Bank projects; (c) qualifications needed for effective ID work; (d) the impact the Bank's organizational structure has on ID work; and (e) suggestions that can be made to broaden and strengthen the ID work in Bank projects.Banks&Banking Reform,Health Monitoring&Evaluation,Health Economics&Finance,Municipal Financial Management,Rural Portfolio Improvement