Međunarodna usporedba rezultata određivanja olova i kadmija u uzorcima lebdećih čestica

Equal parts of six real samples of suspended paniculate matter were analysed for lead and cadmium by laboratories in three different countries. The results agreed very well. The agmement is encouraging considering queries that arise when results in international projects are compared.Šest uzoraka lebdećih čestica podijeljeno je na jednake dijelove i analizirano na sadržaj olova i kadmija u laboratorijima triju različitih zemalja. Rezultati su se vrlo dobro slagali, što je važno pri usporedbi rezultata u okviru međunarodne suradnje

Working conditions and workers\u27 health in a smelting plant in Konjščina

Ispitani su uvjeti u radnoj okolini i zdravstveno stanje radnika u Ljevaonici. Kemijske i fizičke karakteristike radne okoline mjerene su u dva navrata u 1985. godini, i to u zimskom (siječanj) i ljetnom (srpanj) razdoblju. Rezultati mjerenja pokazali su da su na svim radnim mjestima (osim u laboratoriju) toplinski uvjeti nepovoljni - preniska temperatura zimi, previsoka ljeti, previsoka relativna vlažnost, preveliko strujanje zraka na pojedinim poslovima zimi, značajno toplinsko zračenje pri lijevanju i istresanju odljeva. Koncentracija lebdećih čestica pri lijevanju i čišćenju odljeva s obzirom na visok sadržaj slobodnog Si02 višestruko su veće od MDK, a oko 50 % čestica je respirabilno. Buka prelazi dopuštene vrijednosti kod strojnog kaluparenja, kod rešetke za istresanje odljeva i u cijeloj prostoriji čistionice. Prosječne koncentracije fenola, formaldehida i ugljičnog monoksida ne prelaze MDK, ali je vrlo vjerojatno da se u prosjecima većim od 1/3 MDK kriju kratko¬trajne vrijednosti veće od graničnih. Rezultati zdravstvenog pregleda upućuju na to da se u aktualnim radnim uvjetima mogu očekivati određena oštećenja odnosno veća stopa pojedinih bolesti u razvoju kojih je profesionalna izloženost štetnim faktorima jedan od potencijalnih uzročnih činilaca. To se odnosi na kroničnu opstruktivnu bolest pluća, oštećenja sluha bukom i vjerojatno oštećenja lokomotornih organa (bolesti kralješnice). Zasad je u pregledanoj skupini radnika utvrđen samo jedan slučaj početne silikoze, ali je s obzirom na izloženost prašini s visokim sadržajem Si02 moguće očekivati i nove slučajeve posebno u radnika na čišćenju odljevaka. Na kraju su izložene preporuke o sanaciji uvjeta na radu.An investigation was performed of the working conditions in a smelting works and of the workers\u27 state of health. Chemical and physical parameters of the working environment were measured in 1985 on two occasions: in winter (January) and in summer (July). At all the workplaces, except in the laboratory, the conditions were unfavourable: temperature was too low in winter and too high in summer, relative humidity was very high, there was excessive draft in some places during winter time, and excessive heat irradiation during the process of casting. The concentration of airborne dust particles containing free silica was considerably higher than the MAC values and 50°/o of the particles were respirable. Noise was found to exceed standards acceptable for work posts in mechanical casting, those close to the grates for emptying casts and in the rest of the cast cleaning premises. The average phenol, formaldehyde and carbon monoxide values did not exceed maximum allowable concentrations. It is very likely, however, that among the values exceeding 113 of MAC there are short-term concentrations which are greater than the borderline ones. The results of medical examinations indicate that some health impairment among exposed workers may be expected, as well as a greater incidence of certain occupational diseases associated with excessive exposure. This applies in particular to chronic obstructive lung disease, hearing damage and impairment of the locomotive system, the spine in particular. Only one case of silicosis was identified, but more cases may be expected. Recommendations are given for improving working conditions

Određivanje izloženosti olovu i kadmiju putem zraka i hrane u stanovnika Zagreba

Exposure to lead and cadmium was monitored in a group of 17 non-smoking women in Zagreb. The monitoring included measurement of the intake of the two metals via air and the diet during a period of seven days. Duplicate daily diets and air filter samples were collected for analysis of lead and cadmium. To check the intake of lead and cadmium with the daily diet, faeces were collected and analysed. The mean gastrointestinal absorption was estimated to be 4.9 µg/day for lead and 0.75 µg/day for cadmium. These values were derived from faecal data which were assumed to be more reliable. The daily absorption through inhalation estimated on the basis of air analysis was 2.7 µg for lead and 0.03 µg for cadmium.Izloženost olovu i kadmiju mjerena je na skupini od 17 žena nepušačica u Zagrebu. Praćenje je uključivalo određivanje unosa ovih elemenata putem zraka i dnevne prehrane. Primijenjena je metoda „dvostrukih obroka“ i osobni sakupljači čestica zraka, uzastopce tijekom sedam dana. Kao kontrola unosa ovih elemenata putem hrane poslužilo je sakupljanje i analiza fekalija. Dobiveni rezultati upućuju na to da su vrijednosti dobivene iz fekalija pouzdanije te su one uzete za procjenu apsorpcije. Gastrointestinalna apsorpcija olova procijenjena je na vrijednost od 4,9 µg/dan, a kadmija na 0,75 µg/dan. Dnevno apsorbirana doze određena iz koncentracije elemenata u zraku daje vrijednost od 2,7 µg/dan za olovo, a 0,03 µg/dan za kadmij

Season\u27s influence on the relationship between mass concentrations of sulphur dioxide and sulphate in the air

Studiran je odnos masenih koncentracija (p) sumpor-dioksida i sulfata u prirodnim uvjetima, tj. u dvije gradske sredine s različitim razinama atmosferskog onečišćenja tijekom zimskog i ljetnog razdoblja. Na svakom mjernom mjestu tijekom sezone sakupljeno je i analizirano pedesetak uzoraka sumpor-dioksida, dima·i lebdećih čestica. U uzorcima lebdećih čestica određivana je ukupna masena koncentracija lebdećih čestica, sulfata, kalcija, olova, željeza, mangana i bakra. Studirana je korelacija po sezonama između masenih koncentracija sulfata i sumpor-dioksida, lebdećih čestica, dima, te pojedinih komponenata lebdećih čestica. Dobivena je dobra korelacija između masenih koncentracija sulfata i lebdećih čestica. Razine masenih koncentracija sumpor-dioksida, dima, sulfata i lebdećih čestica značajno su više tijekom zimskog razdoblja u obim sredinama. Na obim je mjestima dobiven gotovo jednak prosječni maseni udjel (w) sulfata (oko 10) u lebdećim česticama i tijekom zimskog i ljetnog razdoblja. Izračunate jednadžbe regresije za odnos između sulfatnog S i ukupnog S (sulfati i sumpor-dioksid) za ljetno i zimsko razdoblje međusobno se razlikuju. Izgleda da se taj sezonski utjecaj na odnos masenih koncentracija sumpor-dioksida i sulfata može dovesti u vezu s različitim porijeklom i različitim razinama masenih koncentracija lebdećih čestica u zraku.The relationship between sulphur dioxide and sulphate was studied in natural conditions, in two urban areas with different levels of air pollution during the winter and summer periods. About fifty samples of sulphur dioxide, smoke and suspended particulates were collected and analysed on each measuring site during the season. In the sample of suspended particulates the total mass concentration of suspended particulates, sulphate, calcium, lead, iron, manganese and copper was determined. The correlation between sulphate and sulphur dioxide, suspended particulates, smoke and some suspended particulate\u27s components was studied by seasons. A good correlation was found between the concentration of sulphate and suspended particulates. The concentration levels of sulphur dioxide, smoke, sulphate and suspended particulates were significantly higher during the winter period in both areas. On both locations the average mass fraction of sulphate (about 10%) in suspended particulates was nearly the same during the winter and summer periods. The calculated equation regressions for the relationship between sulphate S and total S (sulphate and sulphur dioxide) for the summer and winter period are reciprocally different. It seems that the season\u27s influence on the relationship between sulphur dioxide and sulphate might be due to a different origin and different levels of suspended particulates in the air

Orchid diversity of the cape of Kamenjak (Istria, Croatia)

Twenty two taxa have been recorded in the south of Istrian peninsula (north Adriatic coast, Croatia). The research was performed in the period 2003–2004. A great majority of taxa belong to Euri- Mediterranean (seven taxa, 41.18%) and Steno-Mediterranean (six taxa, 35.29%) floral elements. Eurasiatic (two taxa, 11.76%), Atlantic (one taxa, 5.88%) and endemic (one taxon, 5.88%) plants were also present. Almost a half of recorded orchids are abundant or frequent. The most of taxa are endangered s.l.; nine vulnerable (VU) plants (52.94%), and one species endangered s.s. (EN) (5.88%). There are also near threatened (NT) (two taxa, 11.76%), and data deficient (DD) (one taxon, 5.88%) plants, while others have no category assigned (four taxa, 23.53%)

Working conditions and workers\u27 health in a smelting plant in Konjščina

Ispitani su uvjeti u radnoj okolini i zdravstveno stanje radnika u Ljevaonici. Kemijske i fizičke karakteristike radne okoline mjerene su u dva navrata u 1985. godini, i to u zimskom (siječanj) i ljetnom (srpanj) razdoblju. Rezultati mjerenja pokazali su da su na svim radnim mjestima (osim u laboratoriju) toplinski uvjeti nepovoljni - preniska temperatura zimi, previsoka ljeti, previsoka relativna vlažnost, preveliko strujanje zraka na pojedinim poslovima zimi, značajno toplinsko zračenje pri lijevanju i istresanju odljeva. Koncentracija lebdećih čestica pri lijevanju i čišćenju odljeva s obzirom na visok sadržaj slobodnog Si02 višestruko su veće od MDK, a oko 50 % čestica je respirabilno. Buka prelazi dopuštene vrijednosti kod strojnog kaluparenja, kod rešetke za istresanje odljeva i u cijeloj prostoriji čistionice. Prosječne koncentracije fenola, formaldehida i ugljičnog monoksida ne prelaze MDK, ali je vrlo vjerojatno da se u prosjecima većim od 1/3 MDK kriju kratko¬trajne vrijednosti veće od graničnih. Rezultati zdravstvenog pregleda upućuju na to da se u aktualnim radnim uvjetima mogu očekivati određena oštećenja odnosno veća stopa pojedinih bolesti u razvoju kojih je profesionalna izloženost štetnim faktorima jedan od potencijalnih uzročnih činilaca. To se odnosi na kroničnu opstruktivnu bolest pluća, oštećenja sluha bukom i vjerojatno oštećenja lokomotornih organa (bolesti kralješnice). Zasad je u pregledanoj skupini radnika utvrđen samo jedan slučaj početne silikoze, ali je s obzirom na izloženost prašini s visokim sadržajem Si02 moguće očekivati i nove slučajeve posebno u radnika na čišćenju odljevaka. Na kraju su izložene preporuke o sanaciji uvjeta na radu.An investigation was performed of the working conditions in a smelting works and of the workers\u27 state of health. Chemical and physical parameters of the working environment were measured in 1985 on two occasions: in winter (January) and in summer (July). At all the workplaces, except in the laboratory, the conditions were unfavourable: temperature was too low in winter and too high in summer, relative humidity was very high, there was excessive draft in some places during winter time, and excessive heat irradiation during the process of casting. The concentration of airborne dust particles containing free silica was considerably higher than the MAC values and 50°/o of the particles were respirable. Noise was found to exceed standards acceptable for work posts in mechanical casting, those close to the grates for emptying casts and in the rest of the cast cleaning premises. The average phenol, formaldehyde and carbon monoxide values did not exceed maximum allowable concentrations. It is very likely, however, that among the values exceeding 113 of MAC there are short-term concentrations which are greater than the borderline ones. The results of medical examinations indicate that some health impairment among exposed workers may be expected, as well as a greater incidence of certain occupational diseases associated with excessive exposure. This applies in particular to chronic obstructive lung disease, hearing damage and impairment of the locomotive system, the spine in particular. Only one case of silicosis was identified, but more cases may be expected. Recommendations are given for improving working conditions

Određivanje izloženosti olovu i kadmiju putem zraka i hrane u stanovnika Zagreba

Exposure to lead and cadmium was monitored in a group of 17 non-smoking women in Zagreb. The monitoring included measurement of the intake of the two metals via air and the diet during a period of seven days. Duplicate daily diets and air filter samples were collected for analysis of lead and cadmium. To check the intake of lead and cadmium with the daily diet, faeces were collected and analysed. The mean gastrointestinal absorption was estimated to be 4.9 µg/day for lead and 0.75 µg/day for cadmium. These values were derived from faecal data which were assumed to be more reliable. The daily absorption through inhalation estimated on the basis of air analysis was 2.7 µg for lead and 0.03 µg for cadmium.Izloženost olovu i kadmiju mjerena je na skupini od 17 žena nepušačica u Zagrebu. Praćenje je uključivalo određivanje unosa ovih elemenata putem zraka i dnevne prehrane. Primijenjena je metoda „dvostrukih obroka“ i osobni sakupljači čestica zraka, uzastopce tijekom sedam dana. Kao kontrola unosa ovih elemenata putem hrane poslužilo je sakupljanje i analiza fekalija. Dobiveni rezultati upućuju na to da su vrijednosti dobivene iz fekalija pouzdanije te su one uzete za procjenu apsorpcije. Gastrointestinalna apsorpcija olova procijenjena je na vrijednost od 4,9 µg/dan, a kadmija na 0,75 µg/dan. Dnevno apsorbirana doze određena iz koncentracije elemenata u zraku daje vrijednost od 2,7 µg/dan za olovo, a 0,03 µg/dan za kadmij

Season\u27s influence on the relationship between mass concentrations of sulphur dioxide and sulphate in the air

Studiran je odnos masenih koncentracija (p) sumpor-dioksida i sulfata u prirodnim uvjetima, tj. u dvije gradske sredine s različitim razinama atmosferskog onečišćenja tijekom zimskog i ljetnog razdoblja. Na svakom mjernom mjestu tijekom sezone sakupljeno je i analizirano pedesetak uzoraka sumpor-dioksida, dima·i lebdećih čestica. U uzorcima lebdećih čestica određivana je ukupna masena koncentracija lebdećih čestica, sulfata, kalcija, olova, željeza, mangana i bakra. Studirana je korelacija po sezonama između masenih koncentracija sulfata i sumpor-dioksida, lebdećih čestica, dima, te pojedinih komponenata lebdećih čestica. Dobivena je dobra korelacija između masenih koncentracija sulfata i lebdećih čestica. Razine masenih koncentracija sumpor-dioksida, dima, sulfata i lebdećih čestica značajno su više tijekom zimskog razdoblja u obim sredinama. Na obim je mjestima dobiven gotovo jednak prosječni maseni udjel (w) sulfata (oko 10) u lebdećim česticama i tijekom zimskog i ljetnog razdoblja. Izračunate jednadžbe regresije za odnos između sulfatnog S i ukupnog S (sulfati i sumpor-dioksid) za ljetno i zimsko razdoblje međusobno se razlikuju. Izgleda da se taj sezonski utjecaj na odnos masenih koncentracija sumpor-dioksida i sulfata može dovesti u vezu s različitim porijeklom i različitim razinama masenih koncentracija lebdećih čestica u zraku.The relationship between sulphur dioxide and sulphate was studied in natural conditions, in two urban areas with different levels of air pollution during the winter and summer periods. About fifty samples of sulphur dioxide, smoke and suspended particulates were collected and analysed on each measuring site during the season. In the sample of suspended particulates the total mass concentration of suspended particulates, sulphate, calcium, lead, iron, manganese and copper was determined. The correlation between sulphate and sulphur dioxide, suspended particulates, smoke and some suspended particulate\u27s components was studied by seasons. A good correlation was found between the concentration of sulphate and suspended particulates. The concentration levels of sulphur dioxide, smoke, sulphate and suspended particulates were significantly higher during the winter period in both areas. On both locations the average mass fraction of sulphate (about 10%) in suspended particulates was nearly the same during the winter and summer periods. The calculated equation regressions for the relationship between sulphate S and total S (sulphate and sulphur dioxide) for the summer and winter period are reciprocally different. It seems that the season\u27s influence on the relationship between sulphur dioxide and sulphate might be due to a different origin and different levels of suspended particulates in the air