HEXACO dimenzije ličnosti u hrvatskom uzorku

The paper examines Ashton and Lee\u27s six-factor model of personality (2001; Lee & Ashton, 2004). The Croatian version of HEXACO-PI-(R) has been applied on a sample of Croatian university students (N=1004). According to the data obtained, the designated six HEXACO factors were confirmed in the Croatian sample. Six HEXACO dimensions showed expected relations with Big Five personality traits. Gender differences in HEXACO personality domains are mainly in line with theoretical expectations. The results of our study confirm the validity of the HEXACO personality model in Croatia.U ovom radu ispituje se prikladnost HEXACO modela ličnosti autora Ashtona i Leea (2001; Lee i Ashton, 2004). Hrvatska inačica instrumenta HEXACO-PI-(R) primijenjena je na uzorku studenata Zagrebačkoga sveučilišta (N=1004). Na temelju provedenih analiza potvrđena je očekivana šesterofaktorska struktura te je šest ekstrahiranih HEXACO dimenzija pokazalo očekivanu povezanost s dimenzijama ličnosti modela Velikih pet. Utvrđene rodne razlike u HEXACO dimenzijama ličnosti odgovarale su teorijskim očekivanjima i ranijim empirijskim nalazima. Na temelju svih rezultata zaključuje se kako je HEXACO model ličnosti, operacionaliziran instrumentom HEXACO-PI-(R), potvrđen u hrvatskom uzorku

Übereinstimmung von Interessen und wahrgenommener Selbsteffizienz bei der Berufswahl

Person-environment (P-E) congruence and its relation to study satisfaction and academic achievement were examined. Two interest measures and one self-efficacy measure were used to represent RIASEC personality types. The Croatian version of Personal Globe Inventory was administrated on a sample of 630 university students. The congruence indices have shown that students\u27 future occupations are almost equally related to their interests as to their self-efficacy beliefs. P-E congruence shares less than 1% of common variance with study satisfaction and academic achievement, regardless of the RIASEC personality measures used to estimate the congruence.U studentskom uzorku ispitana je sukladnost osobina pojedinca i osobina njegove radne okoline (kongruencija ili person- -environment fit), kao i njezina povezanost sa zadovoljstvom studijem i uspjehom u studiju. Osobine pojedinca opisane su u okviru RIASEC modela primjenom dviju mjera interesa i jedne mjere percipirane samoefikasnosti. Hrvatska inačica Upitnika profesionalnih interesa PGI (Personal Globe Inventory) primijenjena je na uzorku od 630 studenata različitih profesionalnih usmjerenja. Indeksi kongruencije pokazuju kako je izbor studija podjednako sukladan interesima studenata, kao i s njihovim procjenama samoefikasnosti. Kongruencija studenata i njihove radne okoline dijeli tek 1% zajedničke varijance sa zadovoljstvom studijem i uspjehom u studiju, neovisno o tome jesu li interesi ili percipirana samoefikasnost upotrijebljeni za procjenu osobina pojedinca.Im Rahmen einer Umfrage unter Studenten sollte die Übereinstimmung zwischen den Charakteristiken des Einzelnen und den Charakteristiken seines Arbeitsumfelds (Kongruenz oder person-environment fit) untersucht werden sowie der Bezug zur Zufriedenheit mit der Wahl des Studienfachs und zum Studienerfolg. Die Merkmale des Einzelnen wurden ausgehend vom RIASEC-Modell, anhand zweierlei Kriterien zur Bestimmung von Interessen sowie eines Kriteriums zur Bestimmung der wahrgenommenen Selbsteffizienz, beschrieben. In einer Untersuchungsgruppe von 630 Studenten unterschiedlicher Fachrichtungen wurde die kroatische Variante des Fragebogens zur Ermittlung von Berufsinteressen (PGI: Personal Globe Inventory) angewandt. Die Kongruenz-Indizes zeigen, dass die Wahl des jeweiligen Studienfachs mit den Interessen der Studenten übereinstimmt, ebenso mit den eigenen Einschätzungen zur Selbsteffizienz. Die Kongruenz von Studentencharakteristiken und den Charakteristiken des Arbeitsumfelds weicht in nur 1% von der Zufriedenheit mit der Wahl des Studienfachs und dem Studienerfolg ab, egal ob dabei Interessen oder wahrgenommene Selbsteffizienz zur Einschätzung der Merkmale des Einzelnen zum Tragen kamen oder nicht

Auswanderungsabsichten unter Studenten: Das Ausmaß des potenziellen "Brain Drain" und diesbezügliche Daten zu den Jahren 1995, 1997 und 2004

U okviru ispitivanja izraženosti, razloga i odrednica potencijalnog "odljeva mozgova" iz Hrvatske ispitali smo namjeru odlaska u inozemstvo studenata završnih godina različitih fakulteta Sveučiliš ta u Zagrebu u 1995., 1997. i 2004. godini. Utvrdili smo da 2004. godine čak 75,3% studenata razmišlja o odlasku u inozemstvo te da ih je čak 22,5% sklonije nakon završetka fakulteta profesionalnu karijeru započeti u inozemstvu. Studenti namjeravaju otići u inozemstvo u prvom redu zbog boljih ekonomskih uvjeta koji im se ondje pružaju, a potom zbog boljih mogućnosti školovanja i usavršavanja. Jedva zamjetan trend smanjenja potencijalnog "odljeva mozgova" uočava se u posljednjem desetljeću 20. stoljeća, a prati ga i relativno povećanje važnosti razvojnih razloga odlaska u odnosu na ekonomske. Osnovne odrednice namjere odlaska u inozemstvo psihološke su prirode. Sklonost odlasku u inozemstvo u najvećoj mjeri određuje percepcija moguć nosti ostvarenja vrijednosti: u inozemstvo su skloniji otići oni studenti koji u najvećoj mjeri smatraju da svoje vrijednosti mogu ondje lakše ostvariti. Motivacijski aspekt analize potencijalnog "odljeva mozgova" uglavnom je bio zanemarivan u ranijim istraživanjima, a njegova je izvanredna važnost potvrđena ovim istraživanjem. U ispitivanju složenih čovjekovih ponašanja, što svakako uključuje i ispitivanje namjere odlaska u inozemstvo, nužna je analiza psiholoških (motivacijskih) odrednica.In this study on extent, reasons and determinants of potential "brain drain" from Croatia, we examined university students\u27 intentions to leave the country in the years 1995, 1997 and 2004. We found that in 2004 as much as 75.3% of students think about moving abroad after finishing their studies and that 22.5% of students would rather start their career abroad than in Croatia. The main reason for their possible departure is primarily the better economic situation in foreign countries, as are also better prospects for postgraduate education and professional improvement. In the last ten years we can see a very slow trend of potential "brain drain" extent reduction, accompanied with a slight increase of importance of developmental reasons for moving abroad. The main determinants of students\u27 intentions to leave the country are psychological in nature. The intention to move abroad is mostly defined by students\u27 perception of value achievement probability: students who want to leave the country are most certain that in other foreign countries they can achieve their values better. The motivational determinants of potential "brain drain" were not examined in earlier studies, but this study confirms their importance. In the study of complex human behavior, as the intention to leave the country certainly is, a thorough analysis of psychological (motivational) determinants is essential.Im Rahmen einer Untersuchung über Ausmaß, Ursachen und Merkmale eines potenziellen "Brain Drain" aus Kroatien wurden in den Jahren 1995, 1997 und 2004 Studenten von verschiedenen Fakultäten der Universität Zagreb, die sich zu diesem Zeitpunkt in ihrem letzten Studienjahr befanden, über etwaige Abwanderungsabsichten befragt. Man stellte fest, dass im Jahre 2004 sogar 75,3% der Studenten eine Abwanderung ins Ausland erwägten und dass sogar 22,5% eher dazu geneigt waren, nach dem Studienabschluss ihre Karriere im Ausland zu beginnen. Die Gründe für eine Abwanderung liegen in den besseren wirtschaftlichen Voraussetzungen, die im Ausland gegeben sind, ferner in den besseren Ausbildungs- und Spezialisationschancen. Der geringfügige Rückgang dieses Trends im letzten Jahrzehnt ist begleitet durch den Umstand, dass es zu einem relativen Anstieg von Abwanderungsfällen aus Gründen der persönlichen Entwicklung gekommen ist, d.h., der Wirtschaftsfaktor ist nicht mehr vorrangig. Die Hauptmotive für eine Abwanderung ins Ausland sind heute psychologischer Natur. Die Neigung zu exilieren ist in höchstem Maße durch die Wahrnehmung bestimmt, dass dies eine leichtere Verwirklichung der eigenen Potenziale ermöglicht. Der motivationsbedingte Aspekt des "Brain Drain" ist in früheren Untersuchungen vernachlässigt worden, doch wird seine außerordentlich große Bedeutung mit dieser Studie bestätigt. Jegliche Untersuchung über komplexes menschliches Verhalten – und dazu gehört zweifelsohne auch eine beabsichtigte Auswanderung – muss notwendig auf ihre psychologischen Merkmale (Motivation) analysiert werden

Odrednice umjetničkih interesa u adolescenciji: važnost osobnih i kontekstualnih faktora

The need for artistic creativity is inherent to all children, but as they grow up, the meaning of artistic expression and interest in artistic creativity changes. Entering adolescence, artistic expression for children ceases to be a part of play and begins to represent child’s personality and enduring interests, which is why only some children remain interested in artistic creativity and art. In this paper, we discuss the important determinants of artistic interests in adolescence on a sample of 981 last grade students (67.2 % girls, mean age 18 years). The results indicated that the total of 40% of variance of artistic interests is explained by personality traits and personal values, while the importance of family contextual variables was negligible. Among personal factors, the most prominent role of openness to experience was observed, followed by self-actualization values and extraversion, and to some extent by emotionality and utilitarian values. People with greater artistic interest are more open to new experiences, less extraverted, slightly more emotional, and they also place greater importance on self-actualizing values and somewhat lower importance on utilitarian (materialistic) values. Further, the importance of family intellectual-cultural climate for development of artistic interests in adolescence is very weak, and is likely indirect, through personality traits.Potreba za umjetničkom kreativnosti urođena je svoj djeci, ali tijekom odrastanja značenje umjetničkoga izričaja i interes za umjetničko stvaranje se mijenjaju. Ulaskom u period adolescencije umjetnički izričaj prestaje biti dio igre i počinje predstavljati djetetovu osobnost i njegove trajne interese, zbog čega samo neka djeca ostaju zainteresirana za umjetničku kreativnost i umjetnost. U ovom radu proučavamo važnost odrednica umjetničkih interesa u adolescenciji na uzorku od 981 učenika završnih razreda srednje škole (67,2 % djevojčica, prosječna dob 18 godina). Rezultati su pokazali da osobine ličnosti i osobne vrijednosti objašnjavaju ukupno 40 % varijance umjetničkih interesa, dok je važnost varijabli obiteljskoga konteksta bila zanemariva. Među osobnim faktorima najznačajniju ulogu ima otvorenost prema iskustvu, nakon čega slijede vrijednosti samoostvarenja i ekstraverzije te do neke mjere emocionalnost i korist. Ljudi s većim umjetničkim interesom otvoreniji su za nova iskustva, manje su ekstrovertirani, nešto više emocionalni. Također, pridaju veću važnost vrijednostima samoostvarivanja te nešto manju važnost utilitarističkim (materijalnim) vrijednostima. Nadalje, važnost obiteljskoga intelektualno-kulturološkoga ozračja za razvoj interesa u adolescenciji vrlo je slaba i vjerojatno ostvarena indirektno, kroz osobine ličnost

The Theoretical Background of Computer Assisted Career Guidance Systems

U radu se razmatraju suvremeni računalni sustavi za profesionalno savjetovanje, njihovo teorijsko utemeljenje i glavne karakteristike. Najprije je opisan razvoj sustava za računalno potpomognuto profesionalno savjetovanje, s naglaskom na današnju generaciju internetskih savjetodavnih sustava. Zatim je objašnjen pojam kongruencije ili sklada pojedinca i radne okoline, prema kojem će pojedinci koji su odabrali karijeru u skladu sa svojim osobinama biti zadovoljniji poslom te uspješniji u radu. Iako je koncept kongruencije temelj računalnih sustava za profesionalno savjetovanje i diferencijalističkih teorija izbora zanimanja, rezultati najvažnijih metaanaliza sustavno upućuju na niske povezanosti kongruencije i zadovoljstva poslom. Navode se objašnjenja za takve nalaze, a kao moguće rješenje ističe se pristup kongruenciji preko aspekata posla i objašnjavaju se njegove specifičnosti. Na kraju se opisuje sedam najpoznatijih sustava za profesionalno savjetovanje preko interneta: Discover, SIGI, O*Net, Making Better Career Decisions, Vodič kroz zanimanja, Izbor zanimanja i Slikovno-opisni upitnik interesa.The paper examines modern computer-assisted career guidance systems, their main characteristics, as well as their theoretical foundation. First we describe the development of systems for computer-assisted career guidance, with the emphasis on the current generation of on-line counseling systems. Then the concept of congruence or person-environment fit is explained: the individuals who have chosen careers which are in accordance with their personal characteristics are more likely to be both satisfied with their jobs and successful at work. Although the concept of congruence is the main basis of theories of vocational choice and computer-assisted career guidance systems, the results of all important meta-analyses show a weak relationship between P-E congruence and job satisfaction. Possible explanations for this finding are identified and the aspect- -based approach is presented as a possible solution. Finally, seven best-known on-line systems for vocational counseling are described: Discover, SIGI, O*Net, Making Better Career Decisions, Careers Guide, Career Choice and Pictorial and Descriptive Interest Inventory

Could Differentiation and Consistency of Interests Serve as Career Maturity Indicators of Elementary School Children?

Prema Hollandovoj teoriji, profesionalni interesi trebali bi postati sve diferenciraniji i konzistentniji s porastom profesionalne zrelosti, no prijašnja istraživanja nisu pružila jednoznačne rezultate o promatranim odnosima. U ovom radu predstavljene su dvije studije provedene na uzorcima učenika viših razreda osnovnih škola u Hrvatskoj (N1 = 522; N2 = 497). Prva studija provedena je online i u njoj su primijenjeni Slikovno-opisni upitnik interesa (SLOPI) i Test informiranosti o zanimanjima (TIZ) kao mjera profesionalne zrelosti. Druga studija temeljila se na testiranju papir-olovka te su upotrijebljeni Upitnik profesionalnih interesa UPI-96 i TIZ. U obje studije pokazalo se da profesionalna zrelost raste u funkciji dobi te da učenice sustavno iskazuju veći stupanj profesionalne zrelosti od učenika. Diferenciranost i konzistentnost interesa nisu rasle u funkciji dobi, dok su djevojčice uglavnom imale višu razinu diferenciranosti i konzistentnosti od dječaka. Pokazalo se da je profesionalna zrelost nisko pozitivno povezana s diferenciranosti te da uglavnom nije povezana s konzistentnosti interesa. Zaključeno je da se mjere diferenciranosti i konzistentnosti ne mogu smatrati mjerama profesionalne zrelosti te da se za potrebe profesionalnoga savjetovanja u osnovnim školama preporučuje, uz mjere interesa, upotreba mjera profesionalne zrelosti.Holland postulated that interests should become more differentiated and more consistent as career maturity increases, but previous studies provided ambiguous results on relations between these constructs. This paper presents two studies conducted on samples of students in higher grades of Croatian elementary schools which were 10 to 15 years old (Nstudy 1 = 522; Nstudy 2 = 497). The first study was conducted online and Pictorial and Descriptive Interest Inventory (PDII) and Test of Occupational Knowledge (TOK) were applied. The second study was based on a paper and pencil assessment and Occupational Preference Scale OPS-96 and TOK were used. Both studies showed coherent results. Career maturity systematically increased with the age of respondents and female students demonstrated a higher level of career maturity. Differentiation and consistency of interest did not increase with age, while girls expressed a higher level of differentiation and consistency than boys. Career maturity correlated weakly and positively with interest differentiation, but not with consistency. It was concluded that differentiation and consistency should not be considered as measures of career maturity, and it is recommended that specific career maturity measures are used in career counselling of elementary school students

Evaluation of spherical and hexagonal models of interest structure in Croatian and Serbian samples

Prikladnost sfernog i heksagonalnog modela interesa provjerena je u uzorcima hrvatskih i srpskih mladih odraslih ljudi. Ukupan uzorak činilo je 1190 ispitanika, od čega 630 iz Hrvatske i 560 iz Srbije, oba spola, prosječne dobi oko 23 godine. Kao mjera interesa, primijenjene su hrvatska i srpska verzija Upitnika profesionalnih interesa PGI (Personal Globe Inventory, Tracey, 2002). Rezultati su pokazali da i sferni i heksagonalni model dobro objašnjavaju strukturu profesionalnih interesa u oba uzorka, o čemu govore rezultati Hubertova i Arabijeva randomizacijskog testa, Myorsova testa, multidimenzionalnog skaliranja s fiksiranim koordinatama te eksploratorne faktorske analize. Prikladnost sfernog i heksagonalnog modela sukladna je rezultatima ranijih istraživanjima provedenim u drugim zemljama. Također, rezultati su uputili i na izuzetnu sličnost struktura tipova interesa utvrđenu na hrvatskom i srpskom uzorku.The adequacy of Tracey\u27s spherical and Holland\u27s hexagonal model was tested in samples of Croatian and Serbian young adults. The joint sample consisted of 1190 respondents; 630 coming from Croatia and 560 from Serbia, both males and females, with an average age of 23 years. As a measure of vocational interests, Croatian and Serbian versions of Personal Globe Inventory were applied. The adequacy of models has been analyzed with Hubert and Arabie\u27s randomization test, Myors\u27 test, Multidimensional scaling procedure and Exploratory factor analysis. Results have shown that in both samples the spherical and hexagonal model explained the structure of vocational interests well and to a similar extent as in previous studies. Also, a great similarity of vocational interest structure was found in the Croatian and Serbian sample

Vocational maturity of primary school students in croatia

Profesionalna zrelost je spremnost pojedinca da na temelju detaljnog istraživanja svojih osobina i prikupljanja informacija o svijetu rada isplanira svoj profesionalni put i donese realnu odluku o svojoj karijeri. Cilj ovog rada bio je utvrditi razinu profesionalne zrelosti učenika viših razreda osnovne škola te ustanoviti u kojoj je mjeri profesionalna zrelost povezana s nekim obilježjima učenika. Na reprezentativnim uzorcima učenika petih, šestih, sedmih i osmih razreda oba spola (ukupni N = 1266) primijenjen je Test informiranosti o zanimanjima. Test je konstruiran za potrebe ovog istraživanja i mjeri kognitivnu komponentu profesionalne zrelosti. Ustanovljeno je kako je test primjerene težine za učenike osmih razreda, dok je mlađim učenicima težak, a potvrđena je i odlična unutarnja konzistencija testa te jasna konvergencija svih čestica prvoj glavnoj komponenti. Prema dobivenim rezultatima, profesionalna zrelost raste u funkciji dobi, iako je u svim dobnim uzorcima dosta niska. Učenice sustavno pokazuju viši stupanj profesionalne zrelosti od učenika, neovisno o dobi. Profesionalna zrelost umjereno je povezana sa školskim uspjehom, profesionalnim aspiracijama i obrazovanjem roditelja te neznatno povezana s uključenosti u proces odabira zanimanja. U skladu s dobivenim rezultatima, smatramo kako Test informiranosti o zanimanjima (čija je elektronička inačica dostupna na stranici www.karijera.hr) može poslužiti u svrhu detekcije onih učenika kojima nedostaju informacije o svijetu rada i koji stoga ne mogu donijeti zrelu profesionalnu odluku. Također, smatramo kako učenike petih, šestih i sedmih razreda treba uključiti u školske programe za poticanje profesionalnog razvoja, dok klasično profesionalno usmjeravanje utemeljeno na diferencijalističkom pristupu treba ponuditi nedovoljno informiranim učenicima osmih razreda.Vocational maturity is the tendency of a person to make realistic career plans and decisions, based on a thorough exploration of personal characteristics and collected information about the world of work. The aim of this study was to determine the level of vocational maturity of students in higher primary school grades and to determine the relation of vocational maturity to some students’ characteristics. The Test of Occupational Knowledge was applied on a Croatian representative samples of pupils in 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th grade of primary school (total N = 1266). The test was developed for the purpose of this study and measures the cognitive component of vocational maturity. The obtained results lead to the conclusion that the test was of appropriate difficulty for pupils in the 8th grade, while being slightly more difficult for younger pupils. The good internal consistency is confirmed, as well as clear saturation of all items by first principal component. The vocational maturity increases with age of respondents, although it is quite low in all samples. Girls systematically achieve higher scores than boys, regardless of their age. The vocational maturity is moderately related to school achievement, educational aspirations and parents’ occupation and weakly related to involvement in the career choice process. Therefore we consider that the Test of Occupational Knowledge can be used for identification of vocationally immature pupils who lack information about the world of work and who cannot make mature career decisions (electronic version of the test is available at the internet address www.karijera.hr). We also suggest that pupils in the 5th, 6th and 7th grades should systematically be enrolled in developmental school programs for vocational maturity encouragement, while congruence-based vocational counseling should be provided for insufficiently informed pupils in the last grade of primary school

Evaluation of spherical and hexagonal models of interest structure in Croatian and Serbian samples

Prikladnost sfernog i heksagonalnog modela interesa provjerena je u uzorcima hrvatskih i srpskih mladih odraslih ljudi. Ukupan uzorak činilo je 1190 ispitanika, od čega 630 iz Hrvatske i 560 iz Srbije, oba spola, prosječne dobi oko 23 godine. Kao mjera interesa, primijenjene su hrvatska i srpska verzija Upitnika profesionalnih interesa PGI (Personal Globe Inventory, Tracey, 2002). Rezultati su pokazali da i sferni i heksagonalni model dobro objašnjavaju strukturu profesionalnih interesa u oba uzorka, o čemu govore rezultati Hubertova i Arabijeva randomizacijskog testa, Myorsova testa, multidimenzionalnog skaliranja s fiksiranim koordinatama te eksploratorne faktorske analize. Prikladnost sfernog i heksagonalnog modela sukladna je rezultatima ranijih istraživanjima provedenim u drugim zemljama. Također, rezultati su uputili i na izuzetnu sličnost struktura tipova interesa utvrđenu na hrvatskom i srpskom uzorku.The adequacy of Tracey\u27s spherical and Holland\u27s hexagonal model was tested in samples of Croatian and Serbian young adults. The joint sample consisted of 1190 respondents; 630 coming from Croatia and 560 from Serbia, both males and females, with an average age of 23 years. As a measure of vocational interests, Croatian and Serbian versions of Personal Globe Inventory were applied. The adequacy of models has been analyzed with Hubert and Arabie\u27s randomization test, Myors\u27 test, Multidimensional scaling procedure and Exploratory factor analysis. Results have shown that in both samples the spherical and hexagonal model explained the structure of vocational interests well and to a similar extent as in previous studies. Also, a great similarity of vocational interest structure was found in the Croatian and Serbian sample

Protective and Risk Factors in Career Development and Possible Interventions in the School Context

U ovom radu opisuju se i sistematiziraju zaštitni i rizični faktori koji mogu djelovati na profesionalni razvoj pojedinca. Ponuđena je konceptualizacija zaštitnih i rizičnih faktora unutar tri domene – osobne, relacijske i situacijske. Osobni su faktori psihološke osobine za koje je u literaturi potvrđeno da imaju utjecaja na profesionalni razvoj, poput ekstraverzije, savjesnosti, orijentacije prema budućnosti, optimizma, fleksibilnosti, otpornosti na stres, samoefikasnosti, kognitivnih kapaciteta ili pak zdravlja pojedinca. Relacijski faktori obuhvaćaju socijalne utjecaje koji mogu djelovati pozitivno ili negativno na profesionalni razvoj, počevši od utjecaja roditelja, vršnjaka te društva u cjelini, primjerice kroz socijalnu podršku za razvoj karijere, ali i roditeljske i odgojne stilove. Situacijski faktori predstavljaju različite vanjske utjecaje koji mogu djelovati na razvoj karijere, od kojih su u literaturi jasno prepoznati socioekonomski status te prilike u mjestu stanovanja pojedinca. U radu se razmatraju utjecaji zaštitnih i rizičnih faktora na razvoj karijere i prikazuju se dosadašnja istraživanja u tom području. Također, u radu se upućuje na dostupne alate za profesionalno usmjeravanje adolescenata koji mogu ublažiti neželjeno djelovanje rizičnih faktora.This paper gives a review and new systematization of protective and risk factors that influence an individual\u27s career development. According to the proposed conceptualization, protective and risk factors in career arise from personal, relational, and situational domains. Personal factors are psychological traits that have been evidenced in the literature to influence career development, such as extraversion, conscientiousness, future orientation, optimism, flexibility, stress resilience, selfefficacy, cognitive capacity, or the health of an individual. Relational factors include social influences that can have either positive or negative effect on career development, starting with the influence of parents, peers, and society, and manifest through social support and different relational styles. Situational factors represent different external influences that can influence career development, of which the socio-economic status and opportunities in the individual\u27s place of residence are clearly recognized in the literature. The paper elaborates on the effects that protective and risk factors have on career development. Also, the paper points to available tools for career counselling of adolescents that can mitigate the undesirable effects of risk factors