英法における免責約款の司法的規整(III)

論

西ドイツにおける「普通取引約款に関する法律」 : 報告者草案(普通取引約款法規整及び民法典変更に関する法律) (訳)

資

英法における免責約款の司法的規整(II)

論

英法における免責約款の司法的規整(III)

論

英法における免責約款の司法的規整(IV)

論

英国における免責約款の司法的規整(I)

論

Coordination of flagella on filamentous cells of Escherichia coli

Video techniques were used to study the coordination of different flagella on single filamentous cells of Escherichia coli. Filamentous, nonseptate cells were produced by introducing a cell division mutation into a strain that was polyhook but otherwise wild type for chemotaxis. Markers for its flagellar motors (ordinary polyhook cells that had been fixed with glutaraldehyde) were attached with antihook antibodies. The markers were driven alternately clockwise and counterclockwise, at angular velocities comparable to those observed when wild-type cells are tethered to glass. The directions of rotation of different markers on the same cell were not correlated; reversals of the flagellar motors occurred asynchronously. The bias of the motors (the fraction of time spent spinning counterclockwise) changed with time. Variations in bias were correlated, provided that the motors were within a few micrometers of one another. Thus, although the directions of rotation of flagellar motors are not controlled by a common intracellular signal, their biases are. This signal appears to have a limited range