Insect-flower relationship in the primary beech forest of Ashu, Kyoto: an overview of the flowering phenology and the seasonal pattern of insect visits

In 1984-1987 insect visitors to flowers were monthly or bimonthly surveyed on 91 plant species or 37 families in the primary beech forest of Ashu, Kyoto, Japan. Flowering season was 186 days from late April to early October. The number of plant species that concurrently bloomed was four to 11 species from May to mid August and it increased up to 19 in late August. The mean flowering period of a single plant species was 16 days. From April to August flowering periods were staggered among congeneric plant species, e. g., Rubus, Hydrangea and Rhus. A total of 2459 individuals of 715 species in 11 orders of Insecta and two orders of Arachnoidea were collected. The most abundant order was Hymenoptera (39 % of individuals) and followed by Diptera (35 %) and Coleoptera (17 %). The number of species was highest in Diptera (41 %) and followed by Hymenoptera (26 %) and Coleoptera (19 %). The numbers of both species and individuals peaked in May and then gradually decreased in summer and autumn. There were six families, 13 genera and 66 species in Apoidea. Andrenidae and Halictidae were rich in the number of species. They were abundant in June and July but greatly decreased afterward. Apidae were abundant throughout the flowering season. Cluster analysis separated 37 plant families into four groups: 16 families were mainly visited by Hymenoptera, four by Diptera, and two by Coleoptera. The other 15 families were visited by various insect groups. Flowers mainly visited by bees were further separated into Bombinae-, Xylocopinae-, Apinae-, Andrenidae-dominated plant families. Flower preference was compared amohg insect orders and among families. The most preferred plant family was Saxifragaceae in Coleoptera and Hymenoptera, and it was Umbelliferae in Hemiptera and Diptera. Cerambycidae, Halictidae and Andrenidae preferred Saxifragaceae. Syrphidae and Colletidae preferred Umbelliferae, Xylocopinae and Nomadinae preferred Violaceae, Bombinae preferred Compositae and Apinae preferred Labiatae.ArticleContributions from the Biological Laboratory, Kyoto University. 27(4): 309-375(1990)departmental bulletin pape

Pollination of Four Sumatran Impatiens Species by Hawkmoths and Bees

Flowering patterns and pollination syndromes were compared among four sympatric Impatiens species (Balsaminaceae) in tropical montane rain forests in Sumatra, Indonesia. Pink flowers with long filiform spurs of I. platypetala produced nectar of 26 % sugar both in the daytime and at night and were po11inated by crepuscular hawkmoths, Macroglossum corythus. Yellow flowers with gradually tapering spurs of I. korthalsii, I. talangensis and I. eubotrya produced nectar of 34-39 % sugar, mainly in the daytime, and were po11inated by two specialized long-tongued anthophorid bees and an unusually long-tongued halictid bee. Spur morphology essentially determined nectar accessibility. Although the three Impatiens species partially shared the three bee species, they partitioned their po11inators by differing in sites of pollen deposition on the bee's bodies. The low po11inator visitation rates per day were compensated by the extended flowering period of the four species. Nectar robbing by two anthophorid bee species was observed, for the first time in Southeast Asia.ArticleTropics. 1(1): 59-73(1991)journal articl

Insect-flower Relationship in the Campus of Kyoto University, Kyoto : An Overview of the Flowering Phenology and the Seasonal Pattern of Insect Visits

In 1985-1987 insect visitors to flowers were weekly or biweekly surveyed on a total of 113 plant species or 48 families in the campus of Kyoto University in Kyo-to city, Japan. Although the total number of plant species was nearly equal to those in Ashu and Kibune, native species were only 25, due to urbanization and disturbance. Flowering started from cultivated plants, e.g. Prunus spachina, in early April and ended also in cultivated plants, e.g. Camellia sazanqua in late November. The total number of plant species at flowering peaked in May. The flowering period of a single species was 17 days on average. A total of 2109 individuals of 320 species in nine orders of Insecta and two or-ders in Arachnoidea were collected in our samples. The total number of arthropod species was estimated to be 790 by the Preston's octave method and thus 40.5 % were in our samples. The most abundant order was Hymenoptera (50 % of in dividuals), followed by Coleoptera (26 %) and Diptera (16 %). The number of species was highest in Diptera (34%), followed by Hymenoptera (33 %) and Coleoptera (14 %). Compared with the undisturbed areas, Ashu and Kibune, two dominant Coleopteran families, Cerambycidae and Nitidulidae were quite rare here. In Hymenoptera, Megachilidae were quite abundant on exotic cultivated plants. The estimated total number of bee species (170 sp.) was more than those in the undisturbed areas. The number of insect species peaked twice in June and September, whilet he total number of individuals peaked in May and September. Coleoptera peakedi n May and June, Diptera peaked in June and October, while Hymenoptera appeared rather constantly throughout the flowering season. Cluster analysis separated 48 plant families into four groups: 30 families mainly visited by Hymenoptera, 6 families by Diptera, 9 families by Coleoptera and the others (3 families) by Lepidoptera

Insect-flower Relationship in the Primary Beech Forest of Ashu, Kyoto : An Overview of the Flowering Phenology and the Seasonal Pattern of Insect Visits

In 1984-1987 insect visitors to flowers were monthly or bimonthly surveyed on 91 plant species or 37 families in the primary beech forest of Ashu, Kyoto, Japan. Flowering season was 186 days from late April to early October. The number of plant species that concurrently bloomed was four to 11 species from May to mid August and it increased up to 19 in late August. The mean flowering period of a single plant species was 16 days. From April to August flowering periods were staggered among congeneric plant species, e. g., Rubus, Hydrangea and Rhus. A total of 2459 individuals of 715 species in 11 orders of Insecta and two orders of Arachnoidea were collected. The most abundant order was Hymenoptera (39% of individuals) and followed by Diptera (35%) and Coleoptera (17%). The number of species was highest in Diptera (41%) and followed by Hymenoptera (26%) and Coleoptera (19%). The numbers of both species and individuals peaked in May and then gradually decreased in summer and autumn. There were six families, 13 genera and 66 species in Apoidea. Andrenidae and Halictidae were rich in the number of species. They were abundant in June and July but greatly decreased afterward. Apidae were abundant throughout the flowering season. Cluster analysis separated 37 plant families into four groups: 16 families were mainly visited by Hymenoptera, four by Diptera, and two by Coleoptera. The other 15 families were visited by various insect groups. Flowers mainly visited by bees were further separated into Bombinae-, Xylocopinae-, Apinae-, Andrenidae-dominated plant families. Flower preference was compared amohg insect orders and among families. The most preferred plant family was Saxifragaceae in Coleoptera and Hymenoptera, and it was Umbelliferae in Hemiptera and Diptera. Cerambycidae, Halictidae and Andrenidae preferred Saxifragaceae. Syrphidae and Colletidae preferred Umbelliferae, Xylocopinae and Nomadinae preferred Violaceae, Bombinae preferred Compositae and Apinae preferred Labiatae

Foraging activity and pollen diets of subterranean stingless bee colonies in response to general flowering in Sarawak, Malaysia

General flowering is a type of supra-annual mast flowering at community level in Southeast Asia, which occurred in 1996 after a four-year interval in northern Sarawak, Malaysia. To examine foraging responses to general flowering, foraging activity and pollen diets of subterranean stingless bee (Trigona spp.) colonies were compared over 3 periods in 1994 and 1996. Among variables of foraging activity (frequency of forager returns, proportions of nectar and pollen foragers), only the frequency of forager returns was significantly higher in 1996 than in 1994. The proportion of nectar foragers differed significantly among periods within a year. Among variables of pollen diet breadth (pollen type richness, diversity and evenness indices), none differed significantly between years or among periods. Pollen diet similarity between colonies did not differ significantly between years, although it differed among periods

Insect-flower Relationship in the Temperate Deciduous Forest of Kibune, Kyoto : An Overview of the Flowering Phenology and the Seasonal Pattern of Insect Visits

In 1984-1987, insect visitors to flowers were bimonthly or weekly surveyed on a total of 115 plant species or 49 families in the temperate deciduous forest of Kibune, Kyoto, Japan. Flowering was observed from early April to early November. The number of plant species that concurrently bloomed was nine to 17 from May to September. The monthly total number of flowering plant species peaked twice in May (34 spp.) and September (33 spp.). From April to August, floweringperiods were staggeredamong congeneric woody species, e.g., Lindera, Rubus, Hydrangea and Deutzia. A total of 4603 individuals of 889 species in 12 orders of Insecta and 2 orders of Arachnoidea were collected. The most abundant order was Hymenoptera (46 % of the total number of individuals), and it was followed by Diptera (30 %) and Coleoptera (14%). The number of species was highest in Diptera (37 %), followed by Hymenoptera (32 %) and Coleoptera (17 %). The numbers of both species and individuals of all the insect groups peaked in June and September. There were six families, 14 genera and 73 species in Apoidea. Abundant families were Halictidae (36 % of individuals), and followed by Bombinae (24 %), Xylocopinae (18 %), Andrenidae (8 %), Hylaeinae (5 %) and Nomadinae (5 %). Andrenidae and Nomadinae appeared only before August, whereas Halictidae, Xylocopinae, Bombinae and Apinae were active throughout the flowering season. Cluster analysis separated 49 plant families into five groups: 13 families were mainly visited by Hymenoptera, 17 by Diptera, five by Coleoptera and two by Hemiptera. The other 12 families were visited by various insect groups. Flowers visited by hymenopterans were further separated into plant families mainly visited by Bombinae, Xylocopinae, Halictidae, Apinae, Xylocopinae, Megachilidae, Vespoidea, Ichneumonoidea and others. Flower preference was compared among insect orders and among families. The most preferred plant family was Saxifragaceae in Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and Hymenoptera, Labiatae in Hemiptera and Umbelliferae in Diptera. Flower preference greatly varied among families in Apoidea. The most preferred plant family was Umbelliferae in Colletidae, Saxifragaceae in Halictidae and Andrenidae, Compositae in Megachilidae, Balsaminaceae in Bombinae, and Rosaceae in Apinae

Beetle pollination of Vatica parvifolia (Dipterocarpaceae) in Sarawak, Malaysia

Volume: 51Start Page: 43End Page: 5

Pollination of Four Sumatran Impatiens Species by Hawkmoths and Bees.

Flowering patterns and pollination syndromes were compared among four sympatric Impatiens species (Balsaminaceae) in tropical montane rain forests in Sumatra, Indonesia. Pink flowers with long filiform spurs of I. platypetala produced nectar of 26 % sugar both in the daytime and at night and were po11inated by crepuscular hawkmoths, Macroglossum corythus. Yellow flowers with gradually tapering spurs of I. korthalsii, I. talangensis and I. eubotrya produced nectar of 34-39 % sugar, mainly in the daytime, and were po11inated by two specialized long-tongued anthophorid bees and an unusually long-tongued halictid bee. Spur morphology essentially determined nectar accessibility. Although the three Impatiens species partially shared the three bee species, they partitioned their po11inators by differing in sites of pollen deposition on the bee's bodies. The low po11inator visitation rates per day were compensated by the extended flowering period of the four species. Nectar robbing by two anthophorid bee species was observed, for the first time in Southeast Asia.ArticleTropics. 1(1): 59-73(1991)journal articl

Plant reproductive intervals and pollinators in the aseasonal tropics: a new model

What factors determine reproductive intervals and modes of pollination in plants of the aseasonal tropics? To answer this general question, we present a new explanation for some community patterns of plant reproductive intervals and pollinators observed in a lowland dipterocarp forest in Sarawak, Malaysia, using a mathematical model featuring different display effects for different types of pollinators. Predictions from the model matched with the following observed patterns: (i) flowering intervals were different among forest strata (forest floor < understorey < canopy < subcanopy and emergent), and not in the exact order of stratum height; (ii) among generalist pollinators, the proportion of social foragers was maximum in intermediate forest stratum; and (iii) plants pollinated by specialist pollinators were found on the forest floor and in gaps