4 research outputs found
Race, Class, and Support for the Welfare State
- Author
- Bolce Louis H.
- Conway M. Margaret
- Cox Oliver Cromwell
- Daniel Lee
- Drake St. Clair
- DuBois W. E. B.
- Edsall Thomas Byrne
- Evans Arthur S.
- Farley Reynolds
- Farley Reynolds
- Farley Reynolds
- Feagin Joe R.
- Frazicr E. Franklin
- Freeman Richard
- Gilliam Franklin D.
- Gilliam Franklin D.
- Jackman Mary R.
- Jencks Christopher
- Jeralynn Sittig
- Landry Bart
- Leslie Baham Inniss
- Myrdal Gunnar
- Newman Katherine S.
- Norusis Marija J.
- Vanneman Reeve
- Welch Susan
- Willie Charles V.
- Wilson William J.
- Wilson William J.
- Publication venue
- 'Wiley'
- Publication date
- Field of study
Controversial Mascots: Authority and Racial Hegemony in the Maintenance of Deviant Symbols
- Author
- Aran Kimberly
- Banks D.
- Bird S. E.
- Blumer Herbert
- Blumer Herbert
- Bobo Lawrence
- Bobo Lawrence
- Charon Joel M.
- Cleveland Indians
- Colombo Louis A.
- Connolly M. R.
- Coombe R. J.
- Dahrendorf Ralph
- Dahrendorf Ralph
- Davis L. R.
- Davis L. R.
- Deloria Philip
- Denzin Norman K.
- Dirck Joe
- Feagin Joe R.
- Feagin Joe R.
- Feagin Joe R.
- Fenelon J. V.
- Gareis William A.
- Goffman Erving
- Hauptman L.
- Herman-Kinney Nancy J.
- Hernandez Roger
- Huntsman David
- Inniss Leslie B.
- King C. R.
- King C. R.
- King C. R.
- King Richard C.
- Lennon Kris
- Lewicki Roy J.
- Lyman Stanford M.
- Mead George Herbert
- Okkonen Mark
- Omi Michael
- Pewewardy C. D.
- Pewewardy C. D.
- Pomerantz David
- Prochaska David
- Pyrillis Rita
- Shibutani Tamotsu
- Sigelman L.
- Silva Eric O.
- Smith Grant
- Springwood C. F.
- Springwood C. F.
- Staurowsky E.
- Staurowsky E.
- Staurowsky E.
- Tamaskar Prashant
- Tovares Raul
- Winant Howard
- Publication venue
- 'Informa UK Limited'
- Publication date
- Field of study
Risk of COVID-19 after natural infection or vaccinationResearch in context
- Author
- A. Lina Rosengren
- Abram Burgher
- Adam B. Brosz
- Adam Rosen
- Adam Schwartz
- Adriana Sordo Duran
- Adrienna Marquez
- Adrienne E. Shapiro
- Aeiress Duhart
- Afsoon Roberts
- Albert Liu
- Alejandro Hoberman
- Alejandro Quintín Barrat Hernández
- Alex Greninger
- Alexander Clark
- Alfredo Gilberto Guerreros Benavides
- Alice McGarry
- Alicia Arrazcaeta
- Alisha Lutat
- Alison Bondell
- Alison Pellecchia
- Allie Oplinger
- Allison Green
- Allison O'Brien
- Alpa Patel
- Alyssa-Kay Peay
- Amanda Horn
- Amanda Lilienthal
- Amanda Occhino
- Amanda Philyaw
- Amaran Moodley
- Amber Grant
- Amber Stanford
- Amesika Nyaku
- Amie Shannon
- Amina Z. Haggag
- Amit Paliwal
- Amy Caldwell
- Amy Chamberlain
- Amy Dye
- Amy Falk
- Amy Kelley
- Amy Medina
- Amy Potts
- Amy Salzl
- Amy Sherman
- Amy Starr
- Amy Thompson
- Andrea Berry
- Andrea Clement
- Andrea Wendrow
- Andrea Zimmer
- Andres Bran
- Andres Camacho-Gonzalez
- Andrew Lauria
- Andrew McConnell
- Andrew McWilliams
- Anelgine C. Yoon
- Angela Lee
- Angela R. Branche
- Angelica Kottkamp
- Angella Webb
- Ann M. Milliken
- Ann R. Falsey
- Anna S. Lok
- Anna Wald
- Anne Marit de Groot
- Anne-Marie Rick
- Annette R. Bennett
- Annie Ciambruschini
- Annie Luetkemeyer
- Anthony Kim
- Anum Abbas
- Anyela Lara
- April Pixler
- Ariana C. Stanton
- Arthur L. Zemanek
- Asha Inniss
- Ashley Kennedy
- Ashley Perez
- Ashley Warden
- Asif Noor
- Atoya Adams
- Aurelio Cruz-Valdez
- Austin Chan
- Austin Swanson
- Ayanna Walters
- Ayoade Avworo
- Bailey Jordan
- Barbara Corral
- Barbara Rizzardi
- Barbara Rizzardi
- Barbara S. Taylor
- Barry S. Zingman
- Barton G. Williams
- Beatriz Grinsztejn
- Becky Martinez
- Ben Ladner
- Benjamin Eckhardt
- Benjamin J. Luft
- Bernard Grunstra
- Beth Safirstein
- Bethanie Wilkinson
- Beverly E. Sha
- Beverly Ewing
- Bindu Balani
- Blanca Gomez
- Bo Shopsin
- Boerries Brandenburg
- Brandie Taylor
- Brandon J. Essink
- Brandy Ball
- Breanz Watkins
- Brenda Dorcely
- Brendan Levy
- Brett Gray
- Brett Leav
- Brian D.W. Chow
- Brit Sovic
- Brittany Feijoo
- Brittany Stewart
- Bruce C. Gebhardt
- Bruce G. Rankin
- Bruce McClenathan
- Bruno Valenti
- Bryan Gordon
- C. Mary Healy
- Caitlin J. Guiney
- Caitlin Moran
- Candace Smith
- Candice Montros
- Carina A. Rodriguez
- Carl Fichtenbaum
- Carl P. Griffin
- Carlos A. Fierro
- Carlos del Rio
- Carlos Lopez
- Carlos Malvestutto
- Carmel B. Dyer
- Carmen A. Paez
- Carmen Amador
- Carmen D. Zorrilla
- Carmen Medina
- Carol Ann Linebarger
- Carol Kauffman
- Carol L. Mitchell
- Carolene Stephenson
- Caroline Greene
- Carolyn Scatamacchia
- Carolyn Tran
- Carrie Johnston
- Carrie Sopher
- Catherine A. Bunce
- Catherine Mary Healy
- Catherine Q. Gular
- Cathy Laflan
- Cecilia McKeown-Bragas
- Celia Gonzalez
- Celia Maxwell
- Charles Harper
- Charles M. Fogarty
- Charlotte-Paige Rolle
- Charnell Cromer
- Chelsea Miles
- Chelsie Nutsch
- Chelsie Nutsch
- Chen S. Tan
- Chenchen Yu
- Cheryl Nuss
- Cheryl Young
- Chimeremma Nnadi
- Chinar Desai
- Christian Tomaszewski
- Christina A. Rostad
- Christina Bacher
- Christina Kennelly
- Christine Akamine
- Christine B. Turley
- Christine Hull
- Christine Wilson
- Christopher Carpenter
- Christopher Dedon
- Christopher Galloway
- Christopher Matich
- Christy Schmeck
- Christy Sweet
- Clarence B. Creech II
- Clarisse Baudelaire
- Claudia De La Matta Rodriguez
- Claudia Espinosa
- Claudio Nuñez Lagos
- Clint C. Guillory
- Clint Wilson
- Codi M. Anthony
- Colleen F. Kelley
- Colleen Jacobsen
- Connie Moya
- Cora Sonnier
- Corey G. Anderson
- Corey M. Chen
- Cornell Calinescu
- Corrina Pavetto
- Cortney Burch
- Cory J. Huffine
- Craig Dietz
- Cristina Cicogna
- Crystal Rowell
- Cynthia Becher Strout
- Cynthia Brown
- Cynthia Bueno
- Cynthia L. Gay
- Cynthia L. Monaco
- Cynthia Montano-Pereira
- Cyrus Hoseyni
- Dakotah C. Lane
- Dalia Tovar
- Daniel Duncanson
- Daniel Hoft
- Daniel Kaul
- Daniel S. Graciaa
- Daniel T. Lawler
- Daniela Pineda Méndez
- Danielle Raley
- Danny Sugimoto
- Danyel Johnson
- Darlene Bartilucci
- David B. Musante
- David Beckmann
- David Browder
- David Dellaero
- David Fitz-Patrick
- David Halpert
- David I. Bernstein
- David J. Diemert
- David J. Ensz
- David Kline
- David L. Fried
- David Metzger
- David Pampe
- David Pitrak
- David R. Andes
- David Rosenberg
- David Tatelbaum
- David Wohl
- Dawn Furey
- Dawn Robison
- Dean Follmann
- Dean M. Boswell
- Deanna Cooper
- Debora Dunbar
- Deborah A. Theodore
- Deborah Murray
- Debra B. Schroeck
- Delia Bullock
- Denis Tarakjian
- Denise Casey
- Denise Roadman
- Denise Sample
- Denisse Alejandra González Estrada
- Derek Lewis
- Derek M. Smith
- Destiny S. Heinzig-Cartwright
- Diana Badillo
- Diana F. Florescu
- Diana Vegas
- Dianca Sierra
- Diane H. Johnson
- Dilek Ince
- Dima Dandachi
- Dirk Heerwegh
- Dolores Rijos
- Donald M. Brandon
- Donald Quinn
- Donna Percy
- Doris Franco-Vitteri
- Douglas S. Denham
- E. Javier Pretell Alva
- Edgar Garcia
- Edith Swann
- Eduardo Gabriel Vázquez Saldaña
- Edward C. Jones-López
- Edward E. Walsh
- Edward Ellerbeck
- Edward M. Tavel Jr.
- Elham Ghadishah
- Elie Gharib
- Elisa Swieboda
- Elissa Malkin
- Elizabeth Barranco-Santana
- Elizabeth Bennett
- Elizabeth Bruce
- Elizabeth Danford
- Elizabeth Duke
- Elizabeth E. Robison
- Elizabeth Everette
- Elizabeth Formentini
- Elizabeth Hammershaimb
- Elizabeth Parker
- Elizabeth Secord
- Ellie Carmody
- Elliot DeHaan
- Elwaleed Elnagar
- Emily Degan
- Emily Oppenheim
- Emma Bainbridge
- Emmanuel B. Walter
- Eneyda Giuvanela Llerena Zegarra
- Enrique Ocaña
- Eric A. Meyerowitz
- Eric Bravo
- Eric McGrath
- Eric Miller
- Erica Herc
- Erica Johnson
- Erica Osmundsen
- Erica Sanchez
- Erika A. Cutz
- Erika Mendoza
- Erin A. Goecker
- Erin Cooksey
- Erin Coston
- Ernesto Delgado
- Esther L. Harmon
- Esther S. Huffine
- Evan C. Ewers
- Evan J. Anderson
- Evelyn Hall
- Evelyn Lomasney
- Evelyn Quevedo
- Fan Yang
- Farah Irani
- Farhan Siddiqui
- Fernanda Morales
- Fernando L. Merino
- Filip Dubovsky
- Flora Castellino
- Florence Momplaisir
- Florida Aristy
- Frances Downing
- Frank James
- Frank S. Eder
- Frank Struyf
- Fred E. Newton
- Frederick Raiser III
- Fredric Santiago
- Gail Broder
- Gary Albert
- Gary Headden
- Gary Horwith
- Gary Luckasen
- Gary Simon
- Gayle D. Hennekes
- Genevieve Beninati
- Genevieve Iwuala
- George H. Bauer Jr.
- George H. Freeman
- Georgette Ebuh
- Georgettea Geuss
- Gerald Kelty
- Germán Áñez
- Getahun Abate
- Gina Rivero
- Glenda E. Gray
- Glenn Wortman
- Gowdhami Mohan
- Grant Ellsworth
- Grant Geiger
- Greg Hachigian
- Greg Wilson
- Gregg H. Lucksinger
- Gregory C. Utz
- Gregory Holt
- Gregory J. Feldman
- Gregory M. Glenn
- Gregory M. Gottschlich
- Griet Van Roey
- Guillermo Miguel Ruiz-Palacios
- Gysella Muniz
- Hala Webster
- Hana M. El Sahly
- Hanh Chu
- Hanh Chu
- Hannah Catan
- Hannah Harrington
- Hannah Nevarez
- Haoua Dunbar
- Hayes Williams
- Heather Rattenbury-Shaw
- Henry Peralta
- Hilario Alvarado
- Hillary Dunlevy
- Holli Hamilton
- Holly E. Janes
- Hong V. Tieu
- Horacio Marafioti
- Howard I. Schwartz
- Howard Schwartz
- Hussain Malbari
- Huub G. Gelderblom
- Hyman Scott
- Ian De Proost
- Ian Frank
- Ian Hirsch
- Iksung Cho
- Ilse Van Dromme
- Insiya Valika
- Irene Graham
- Irene McKnight
- Iris García
- Isaac Thomsen
- Isabel Pereira
- Issac Pena-Renteria
- Jack Stapleton
- Jacob Coleman
- Jacqueline Miller
- Jacqueline Muenzner
- Jaleh Ostovar
- Jaleh Ostovar
- Jalima Quintero
- James Andersen
- James Fry
- James G. Kublin
- James H. Conway
- James Longe
- James Lovell
- James N. Goldenberg
- James Peacock
- James Ramsey
- James T. Peterson
- James W. Hurst
- James Walker
- James Zhou
- Jamie Ackerman
- Jamshid Saleh
- Jan Patterson
- Janet Garvey
- Janet Hill
- Janet Mendez
- Janet Otto
- Janeth Pacheco-Flores
- Janice Suyehira
- Janine Maenza
- Jarek Juraszek
- Jason F. Okulicz
- Jason Milligan
- Jay Meyer
- Jayasree Krishnankutty
- Jeanne Blevins
- Jeb Andrews
- Jeff Kingsley
- Jeffrey A. Henderson
- Jeffrey Adelglass
- Jeffrey Dugas Sr.
- Jeffrey Klein
- Jeffrey M. Jacobson
- Jeffrey Meier
- Jeffrey Rosen
- Jeffrey S. Overcash
- Jeffrey Thessing
- Jeffry Jacqmein
- Jenina Garcia
- Jennie Johnson
- Jennifer A. Johnson
- Jennifer A. Whitaker
- Jennifer Bashour
- Jennifer Berry
- Jennifer Chang
- Jennifer Foley
- Jennifer Knishinsky
- Jennifer Knowles
- Jennifer L. Dong
- Jennifer McCarter
- Jennifer Petts
- Jennifer Schwartz
- Jennifer Winbigler
- Jenny Hendriks
- Jerald Sadoff
- Jeremy Ackermann
- Jeremy Brown
- Jerome Custers
- Jerome G. Naifeh
- Jesse L. Clark
- Jessica E. Justman
- Jessica G. Andriesen
- Jessica Heimonen
- Jessica Ibarra
- Jessica L. Ansel
- Jessica L. Lee
- Jessica L. Weidler
- Jessica M. Mena
- Jessica Ortega
- Jessica Rodriguez
- Jessica Stahl
- Jewel J. White
- Jill Blumenthal
- Jill Kessler
- Jill York
- Jim Callis
- Joan Rothenberg
- Joanne L. Billings
- Jocelyn Zuleica Olmos Vega
- Jodi Meck
- Joel Solis
- Johan Vingerhoets
- John A. Kirby
- John J. Treanor
- John Johnson
- John Lucaj
- John M. Hill
- John Mascola
- John S. Kizer
- John Sanders
- John W. McGettigan Jr.
- John Witbeck
- Jon F. Dedon
- Jon Finley
- Jonathan Staben
- Jonlyn McGettigan
- Jordan Coslet
- Jordan L. Whatley
- Jorge A. Benitez
- Jorge A. Chacón
- Jorge Caso
- Jorge F. Méndez Galván
- Jose A. Bazan
- Jose C. Mancilla
- Jose Castillo Mancilla
- Jose Gonzales-Zamora
- Joseph Bocchini
- Joseph Boscia
- Joseph D. Davis
- Joseph Eron Jr.
- Joseph Grillo
- Joseph J. Eron
- Joseph L. Newberg
- Joseph P. Connor
- Joseph Yusin
- Joshua Rindt
- José O. Alemán
- Joy Nelson
- Juan J. Rivera
- Juan Luis Yrivarren Giorza
- Juan P. Torres
- Juan V. Guanira-Carranza
- Juana R. Pavie
- Juana Rivera
- Judith Borger
- Judith Brady
- Judith L. Kirstein
- Judith Martin
- Judy Pi
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- Julia Lord
- Julian A. Torres
- Julie A. Ake
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- Julie Ledgerwood
- Julie White
- Julio Nasim
- Justin Singletary
- Kacie Sales
- Kami Kim
- Karen Deutsch
- Karen Freudemann
- Karen L. Kotloff
- Karen Ruperto
- Karen Sofia Vega Orozco
- Karen Tashima
- Karin Choquette
- Karina Cano Martínez
- Karl M. Thompson
- Karla Beatriz Tafur Bances
- Karla Zepeda
- Kary Kelly
- Kate Harden
- Kate Jaegle
- Kate Zenlea
- Katherine Smith
- Katherine Stapleton
- Kathleen Linder
- Kathleen M. Mullane
- Kathleen M. Neuzil
- Kathleen Menasche
- Kathleen S. Jones
- Kathryn E. Stephenson
- Kawsar R. Talaat
- Keith R. Jerome
- Keith W. Vrbicky
- Kelly Kush
- Kelly McQuarrie
- Ken Ho
- Kendra Enright
- Kendra Lisec
- Kenneth Finkelstein
- Kenneth H. Mayer
- Kenneth Steil
- Kevin D. Cannon
- Kevin Parks
- Kevin Zhang
- Kia Lee
- Kia Lee
- Kim Quillin
- Kimberly Mueller
- Kimberly Nieves
- Kimberly Nofz
- Kimberly Snell
- Kinara S. Yang
- Kirsten Hauge
- Kristen Johnson
- Kristen K. Pierce
- Kristen Kiersey
- Kristin Bialobok
- Kristin Marks
- Kristina Harrison
- Kristine J. Kucera
- LaKondria Curry
- Lalitha Parameswaran
- Larkin T. Wadsworth III
- LaShondra Cade
- LaTeshia Thomas-Seaton
- Laura Hernandez Guarin
- Laura Julia Camacho Choza
- Laura Kogelman
- Laura Pearlman
- Laura Pearlman
- Laura Porterfield
- Laura Ruy Sanchez Guerrero
- Laura Stulken
- Lauren Clement
- Lauren Newhouse
- Laurence Chu
- Laurie J. Han-Conrad
- Lawrence Corey
- Lawrence J. Purpura
- Lazaro Gonzalez
- Leana Woodside
- Lee Tomatsu
- Leena Paul
- Leila Hojat
- Leland N. Allen III
- Lena R. Freese
- Leonard Singer
- Les B. Forgosh
- Lesley Browder
- Leslie A. Edwards
- Leslie Iverson
- Lilly Immergluck
- Lily Aleman
- Lina M. Forero
- Linda M. Schipani
- Linda Murray
- Linda R. Belhorn
- Lindsey R. Baden
- Lisa A. Jackson
- Lisa Chrisley
- Lisa Cohen
- Lisa Holloway
- Lisa J. Sanders
- Lisa Johnson
- Lisa M. Dunkle
- Lisa S. Usdan
- Lisa Stangl
- Lisa Stevens Rameaka
- Logan Ledbetter
- Lois Katz
- Lora J. McGill
- Lori Nesbitt
- Lucy Ng-Price
- Luis H. González
- Luis I. De La Cruz
- Luke Friesen
- Luz Zapata
- Lyly Dang
- Lyndsea Folsom
- Lynn Eckert
- Lynne A. Haughey
- M. Juliana McElrath
- M. Mahdee Sobhanie
- Magdalena E. Sobieszczyk
- Maggie Bowers
- Maggie Lewis
- Mai Pham
- Malina Regalado
- Mamodikoe Makhene
- Mandy Vowell
- Manisha Horton
- Mara Kryvicky
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- Marcel Curlin
- Marcia Bernard
- Marcia O'Leary
- Marcus J. Zervos
- Marcy Kulic
- Margaret Cheng
- Margaret E. McCort
- Margaret Kautz
- Margaret Powers-Fletcher
- Margaret Rhee
- Margaret Wells
- Marguerite Neill
- Maria G. Becerra
- Maria Hernandez Moran
- Maria I. Bermudez
- Maria Johnson
- Maria L. Alcaide
- Maria M. Regalado
- Maria Mileno
- Marian E. Shaw
- Marianela Carvajal
- Maricruz E. Ortegón
- Marina Lee
- Mario Castro
- Mark A. Turner
- Mark E. Kutner
- Mark Eickhoff
- Mark Hutchens
- Mark Leibowitz
- Mark Lerman
- Mark M. McKenzie
- Mark S. Adams
- Marshall A. Cross
- Marshall Nash
- Martha Carmen Medina
- Martha Cecilia Gómora Madrid
- Martha Nason
- Martha Sanchez
- Martín Bäcker
- Marvin Castellon
- Mary A. Marovich
- Mary Beth Manning
- Mary C. Walsh
- Mary Easley
- Mary Hussain
- Mary Smith
- Mary Vogler
- Maryam Jahromi
- Maryrose Laguio-Vila
- Marysol Villegas
- María E. Santolaya
- María I. Rivera
- María José Reyes Fentanes
- Masaru Oshita
- Mashrur Islam Majumder
- Matthew B. Laurens
- Matthew D. Sims
- Matthew G. Davis
- Matthew Hepburn
- Matthew Hong
- Matthew Hong
- Matthew Miles
- Matthew W. Doust
- Maureen Cooney
- May-Yin Suen
- Mayur Ramesh
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- Mehdi Mirsaeidi
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- Melody Werne
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- Merlin Robb
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- Michael C. Keefer
- Michael Cancilla
- Michael Cancilla
- Michael Chung
- Michael Delgado
- Michael Desjardins
- Michael E. Dever
- Michael Fay
- Michael J. Cotugno
- Michael J. Koren
- Michael J. McCartney
- Michael J. Smith
- Michael Jacobs
- Michael L. Levin
- Michael Lewis
- Michael P. Dube
- Michael R. Adams
- Michael Sciaudone
- Michael Waters
- Michele Baka
- Michele D. Reynolds
- Michele P. Andrasik
- Michele Vertucci
- Michelle DallaPiazza
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- Michelle King
- Michelle L. Burgett
- Michelle Maxwell
- Michelle Saemann
- Mike Delgado
- Milagritos Tapia
- Mildred Stull
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- Milton Haber
- Mimi Van Der Leden
- Mira Baron
- Mitul Shah
- Mohamed S. Al-Ibrahim
- Mohammed Allaw
- Mohammed Antwi
- Monica B. Carrascal
- Monica Mauri
- Monica McArthur
- Monica Murray
- Monica Ruiz
- Morgan Hussey
- Morgan McLaughlin
- Mouna G. Chebib
- Murray A. Kimmel
- Nadine Rouphael
- Nafisa Saleem
- Najat Khan
- Nan Zhai
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- Nathan Segall
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- Nelia Sanchez-Crespo
- Nelson Michael
- Nga Le
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- Nicole Harrell
- Nicole L. Nollen
- Niles Eaton
- Nina Ahmad
- Njira Lucia Lugogo
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- Norberto Fas
- Noris Peraita
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- Obiageli Sogbetun
- Odette Olivieri
- Oyebisi Olanrewaju
- Padma N. Mangu
- Pamela Kane
- Paola Lichtenberger
- Parke Hedges
- Parul Desai
- Patricia L. Winokur
- Patrick A. Oliver
- Patrick Flume
- Patrick Newingham
- Patty Howenstine
- Patty Price-Abbott
- Patty Reed
- Paul A. Goepfert
- Paul Bondy
- Paul Coplan
- Paul Cramer
- Paul E. Wylie
- Paul G. Matherne
- Paul H. Wakefield
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- Paul Kilgore
- Paul Nee
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- Philip Ponce
- Phillip Claybrook
- Phillip Levy
- Pink Folmar
- Priti Patel
- Priyantha N. Wijewardane
- Purvi Parikh
- R. Michelle Chouteau
- R. Scott McClelland
- Rachael McClennen
- Rachel Rokser
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- Rajan Merchant
- Rajesh K. Davit
- Rambod Rouhbakhsh
- Ramin Herati
- Ramy J. Toma
- Raphael J. Landovitz
- Raymond Cornelison
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- Rebecca J. Kurnat
- Rebecca P. Madan
- Rebecca Pitotti
- Rebecca Zash
- Rebone M. Maboa
- Renea Henderson
- Reuben Martinez
- Reza Parungao
- Rhodna Fouts
- Rica Santiago
- Richard Calderone
- Richard Gorman
- Richard L. Gibson
- Richard M. Glover II
- Richard M. Novak
- Richard Powell
- Richard Rupp
- Richard Starlin
- Rickey D. Manning
- Riemke Brakema
- Ripley R. Hollister
- Robert Brownlee
- Robert J. Buynak
- Robert J. Ulrich
- Robert Jeanfreau
- Robert L. Atmar
- Robert M. Grossberg
- Robert Riesenberg
- Robert S. Call
- Robert Samuels
- Robert Schmidt
- Robert Striker
- Robert W. Coombs
- Robert W. Frenck Jr.
- Roberto A. Viau Colindres
- Roberto C. Arduino
- Robin Hilder
- Robin Mason
- Robyn Hartvickson
- Rodney E. Sturgeon
- Roger J. Bedimo
- Rola G. Rucker
- Ronald Ackerman
- Ronald Lubelchek
- Roni Gray
- Rosa MacBryde
- Rosa Negron
- Rosamond Hong
- Rosario Sanchez
- Rozeli Shelly
- Rusty Greene
- Ruth Paiano
- Ruth S. Pinilla
- Ryan C. Maves
- Ryan Israelsen
- Ryan Little
- Ryan P. Starr
- Ryan Tomlinson
- S. Hasan Naqvi
- Saadia Khizer
- Sabina Raja
- Sade Tukuru
- Sally Eppenbach
- Samantha Williams
- Samira Shairi
- Sandra Erickson
- Sandra Janeth Ortega Domínguez
- Sandra Kelman
- Sandra Shelton
- Sarah Afework
- Sarah Dzigiel
- Sarah E. Rutstein
- Sarah Galloway
- Sarah Gordon
- Sarah M. Ingalsbe-Geno
- Sarah Omodele
- Satoshi Kamidani
- Sauda Muhammad
- Scott Borgetti
- Scott Kahney
- Scott N. Syndergaard
- Sebastian Garcia Escallon
- Secia Díaz-Miralrio
- Sergio E. Recuenco
- Sha-Wanda Richmond
- Shamika Huskey
- Shana Harshell
- Shanda Gower
- Shane G. Christensen
- Shannen Seversen
- Shannon Rodman
- Shannon Walker
- Sharine Phan
- Sharita Tedder-Edwards
- Sharon A. Riddler
- Sharon E. Frey
- Sharon Kohrs
- Sharon Nachman
- Sharzhaad Molina Guizar
- Shashi Kapadia
- Shauna H. Gunaratne
- Sheetal Kandiah
- Shelby Olds
- Shelby Pickle
- Sherif Naguib
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- Timothy Wilkin
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- Tina Wang
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- Todd Simmons
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- Toni Robinson
- Toni White
- Tracy Okonya
- Tracy R. Klein
- Trina L. Reynolds
- Troy Holdeman
- Tyler D. Bold
- Uriel R. Felsen
- Valentine M. Ebuh
- Valeria D. Cantos
- Valerie K. Arnold
- Vanessa Abad
- Vanessa Raabe
- Veronica G. Fragoso
- Veronica Garcia-Fragoso
- Veronica Procasky
- Veronica Viar
- Vicki E. Miller
- Vickie Leathers
- Victoria Andriulis
- Victoria Engler
- Victoria Mosteller
- Victoria R. Anderson
- Vida Veronica Ruiz Herrera
- Vincent Huynh
- Vincent Mirkil
- Vivek Rajasekhar
- Viviana Gonzalez
- Vladimir Berthaud
- Walter Patton
- Wanda Ramon
- Waseem Chughtai
- Wayne L. Harper
- Wayne Woo
- Wendell Lewis
- Wendell Lewis III
- Wendy A. Keitel
- Wesley Campbell
- Wesley Van Ever
- Westly Keating
- Whitney West
- Will Hernandez
- William B. Davis
- William B. Smith
- William H. Jones
- William Jennings
- William Kirby
- William P. Silver
- William R. Hartman
- William S. Davis Jr.
- William Schnitz
- William Seger
- Winniberg Stephany Alvarez León
- Winston Cavert
- Xiaomi Tong
- Yaa D. Oppong
- Yi H. Wu
- Ying Huang
- Yogesh K. Paliwal
- Youyi Fong
- Yunda Huang
- Yunda Huang
- Yvonne Davis
- Zachary Bittner
- Zainab Rizvi
- Zindy Yazmín Zárate Hinojosa
- Zudi-Mwak Takizala
- Publication venue
- Elsevier
- Publication date
- 01/10/2023
- Field of study
Summary: Background: While vaccines have established utility against COVID-19, phase 3 efficacy studies have generally not comprehensively evaluated protection provided by previous infection or hybrid immunity (previous infection plus vaccination). Individual patient data from US government-supported harmonized vaccine trials provide an unprecedented sample population to address this issue. We characterized the protective efficacy of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection and hybrid immunity against COVID-19 early in the pandemic over three-to six-month follow-up and compared with vaccine-associated protection. Methods: In this post-hoc cross-protocol analysis of the Moderna, AstraZeneca, Janssen, and Novavax COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials, we allocated participants into four groups based on previous-infection status at enrolment and treatment: no previous infection/placebo; previous infection/placebo; no previous infection/vaccine; and previous infection/vaccine. The main outcome was RT-PCR-confirmed COVID-19 >7–15 days (per original protocols) after final study injection. We calculated crude and adjusted efficacy measures. Findings: Previous infection/placebo participants had a 92% decreased risk of future COVID-19 compared to no previous infection/placebo participants (overall hazard ratio [HR] ratio: 0.08; 95% CI: 0.05–0.13). Among single-dose Janssen participants, hybrid immunity conferred greater protection than vaccine alone (HR: 0.03; 95% CI: 0.01–0.10). Too few infections were observed to draw statistical inferences comparing hybrid immunity to vaccine alone for other trials. Vaccination, previous infection, and hybrid immunity all provided near-complete protection against severe disease. Interpretation: Previous infection, any hybrid immunity, and two-dose vaccination all provided substantial protection against symptomatic and severe COVID-19 through the early Delta period. Thus, as a surrogate for natural infection, vaccination remains the safest approach to protection. Funding: National Institutes of Health
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Risk of COVID-19 after natural infection or vaccinationResearch in context
- Author
- Abad Vanessa
- Abate Getahun
- Abbas Anum
- Ackerman Jamie
- Ackerman Ronald
- Ackermann Jeremy
- Adams Atoya
- Adams Mark S.
- Adams Michael R.
- Adelglass Jeffrey
- Afework Sarah
- Ahmad Nina
- Akamine Christine
- Ake Julie A.
- Al-Ibrahim Mohamed S.
- Albert Gary
- Alcaide Maria L.
- Alderson Nathan
- Aleman Lily
- Alemán José O.
- Allaw Mohammed
- Alva E. Javier Pretell
- Alvarado Hilario
- Amador Carmen
- Andersen James
- Anderson Corey G.
- Anderson Evan J.
- Anderson Victoria R.
- Andes David R.
- Andrasik Michele P.
- Andree Stephanie
- Andrews Jeb
- Andriesen Jessica G.
- Andriulis Victoria
- Ansel Jessica L.
- Anthony Codi M.
- Antwi Mohammed
- Arduino Roberto C.
- Aristy Florida
- Arnold Valerie K.
- Arrazcaeta Alicia
- Atmar Robert L.
- Avworo Ayoade
- Bacher Christina
- Baden Lindsey R.
- Badillo Diana
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- Riesenberg Robert
- Rijos Dolores
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- Rivera Juana
- Rivera María I.
- Rivero Gina
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- Rizzardi Barbara
- Roadman Denise
- Robb Merlin
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- Rodman Shannon
- Rodriguez Carina A.
- Rodriguez Jessica
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- Walsh Stephen R.
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- Zenlea Kate
- Zepeda Karla
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- Zhai Nan
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- Zorrilla Carmen D.
- Áñez Germán
- Publication venue
- 'Elsevier BV'
- Publication date
- 01/10/2023
- Field of study
Background: While vaccines have established utility against COVID-19, phase 3 efficacy studies have generally not comprehensively evaluated protection provided by previous infection or hybrid immunity (previous infection plus vaccination). Individual patient data from US government-supported harmonized vaccine trials provide an unprecedented sample population to address this issue. We characterized the protective efficacy of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection and hybrid immunity against COVID-19 early in the pandemic over three-to six-month follow-up and compared with vaccine-associated protection. Methods: In this post-hoc cross-protocol analysis of the Moderna, AstraZeneca, Janssen, and Novavax COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials, we allocated participants into four groups based on previous-infection status at enrolment and treatment: no previous infection/placebo; previous infection/placebo; no previous infection/vaccine; and previous infection/vaccine. The main outcome was RT-PCR-confirmed COVID-19 >7–15 days (per original protocols) after final study injection. We calculated crude and adjusted efficacy measures. Findings: Previous infection/placebo participants had a 92% decreased risk of future COVID-19 compared to no previous infection/placebo participants (overall hazard ratio [HR] ratio: 0.08; 95% CI: 0.05–0.13). Among single-dose Janssen participants, hybrid immunity conferred greater protection than vaccine alone (HR: 0.03; 95% CI: 0.01–0.10). Too few infections were observed to draw statistical inferences comparing hybrid immunity to vaccine alone for other trials. Vaccination, previous infection, and hybrid immunity all provided near-complete protection against severe disease. Interpretation: Previous infection, any hybrid immunity, and two-dose vaccination all provided substantial protection against symptomatic and severe COVID-19 through the early Delta period. Thus, as a surrogate for natural infection, vaccination remains the safest approach to protection. Funding: National Institutes of Health