Random sampling of an AC source: A tool to teach probabilistic observations

An undergraduate level experiment is described to demonstrate the role of probabilistic observations in physics. A capacitor and a DC voltmeter are used to randomly sample an AC voltage source. The resulting probability distribution is analyzed to extract information about the AC source. Different characteristic probability distributions arising from various AC waveforms are calculated and experimentally measured. The reconstruction of the AC waveform is demonstrated from the measured probability distribution under certain restricted circumstances. The results are also compared with a simulated data sample. We propose this as a pedagogical tool to teach probabilistic measurements and their manipulations.Comment: Revtex4 file, 10 pages with 8 figure

Preclinical and Clinical Evaluation of Silvisha Usidham (Internal) and Puzhuvettu Thylam (External) for Puzhuvettu (Alopecia Areata) in Children

The aim of the study was Preclinical and clinical evaluation of Silvisha Usidham (Internal) and Puzhuvettu Thylam (External) for Puzhuvettu (Alopecia areata) in children. • Before initiating the clinical trial, approval was got from the Institutional Ethical committee of National Institute of Siddha (NIS/IEC/2016/11-20/14.10.2016) for conducting the clinical studies respectively by submitting the well defined protocol and proforma. It was registered prospectively in the Clinical Trail Registry of India (CTRI Reg No:CTRI/2018/01/011311) • The raw drugs were authenticated by the Assistant professor of medicinal botany and Investigator, Dept. of Gunapadam, NIS, and the trail drug was prepared by the investigator in the Gunapadam lab of National Institute of Siddha as per the standard operating procedure mentioned in the protocol. • The Phytochemical, physicochemical, heavy metal analysis, specific pathogen test, pesticide residue of the drug Silvisha Usidham were done in Noble Research Solution and the bio chemical qualitative analysis were done in the biochemistry lab of National Institute of Siddha. The biochemical analysis revealed the presence of Alkaloid, starch, silicate, Sulphate, carbonate, Iron and ammonium,. • The Physicochemical analysis of Silvisha Usidham constitutes alkaloid, steroids, Triterpenoids, coumarin and tanin. • Heavy metal analysis shows that the heavy metals like Lead, Cadmium, Arsenic and Mercury are within the permissible limits. • Analysis of microbial load reveals that the drug does not have any microbial contamination. • The Silvisha Usidham does not show the evidence for the presence of any of the aflatoxins and the Pesticide residue values are within limit. The Pharmacological studies were done. It revealed that the drug Silvisha Usidham possess Anti-inflammatory activities by In-vitro study. • The Children with Puzhuvettu were recruited based on inclusion and exclusion criteria and a detailed study was done. Separate proforma was maintained for each patient along with daily progress chart to monitor the prognosis. • Before initiating the trial informed consent was obtained from all the parents. 2-3ml of Mantha ennai with luke warm water was administered at bedtime. Before starting the treatment to bring the vitiated vatham to normal. • The patients were treated for a period of 45 days. The trial medicine selected for the treatment was Silvisha Usidham (internal medicine) at the dose of 2-4ml twice a day and Puzhuvettu Thylam (external) for 45 days as per Siddha literature Anuboga vaithiya navaneetham thirattu - Part -10 ,Page no :108. • Clinical assessment was done during each visit in OPD patients (7 days once) and the data were noted in the prescribed proforma. (Form-IV). • During the study period there was no event of any adverse reactions were reported owing to the drug or disease. • Diet restriction was strictly followed during the period of drug administration as well as in re-dieting period as per noted in the dietary advice form.(Form-X). • The SALT score showed obvious improvement in 56.7%, moderate improvement in 40% and slight improvement in 3.33%. Statistical analysis done for SALT score and it shows that the trail drug Silvisha Usidham (Internal) and Puzhuvettu Thylam (External) is effective and it is consider significant (p<0.001). • Thus the drug is found to be safe and effective in the management of Puzhuvettu. • The clinical efficacy of the drug was analyzed statistically by Salt score. The observation made during the clinical study showed that the trail drug Silvisha Usidham and Puzhuvettu Thylam was clinically effective

To compare the effectiveness of recombinant gonadotropin versus the combination of recombinant follicle stimulating hormone and highly purified human menopausal gonadotropin versus urinary human menopausal gonadotropin alone for ovarian stimulation in women undergoing in vitro fertilisation or intracytoplasmic sperm injection treatment cycles

Background: The question of the dominance of recombinant FSH(r FSH) for controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) in in-vitro fertilization (IVF) is not yet defined. Cheaper and equally efficient drugs for COS are valuable for the poor infertile couple.Methods: This retrospective study includes total of 371 fresh, non-donor, IVF cycles with COS excluding PCOS, endometriosis and poor ovarian reserve patients. To minimize the bias, only the first cycle for each patient below 40 years old, in one year period (Jan 2014 to Dec 2014) was analyzed. This selection comprised of respondents in 3 groups i.e. rFSH n= 132, HP-HMG +rFSH, n=141 and uHMG, n=98. The primary outcome studied as the result of COS are the mean number of retrieved oocytes and mature oocytes, fertilization rate, mean number of good quality embryos, and -cryopreserved embryos. The secondary outcome was the clinical pregnancy rates and the delivery rates.Results: The current studies do not demonstrate significant differences in duration and dosage of gonadotropins required and clinical outcome of treatment in patients in all 3 groups. We found significant higher E2 levels &better quality oocytes an embryo in patients treated with uHMG and combination groups & significantly increased number of cryopreserved embryos in uHMG group. Lower cancellation rates in rFSH group and HMG group. OHSS rates were similar in all 3 groups.Conclusions: Treatment with uHMG or with combination could achieve the same results and reduce the whole cost of stimulation in comparison with rFSH

Simulation analysis with rock muons from atmospheric neutrino interactions in the ICAL detector at INO

The proposed magnetized Iron CALorimeter detector (ICAL) to be built in the India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO) laboratory aims to study atmospheric neutrinos and its properties such as precision measurements of oscillation parameters and the neutrino mass hierarchy. High energy charged current (CC) interactions of atmospheric neutrinos with the rock surrounding the detector produce so-called "rock muons" along with hadrons. While the hadron component of these events are absorbed in the rock itself, the rock muons traverse the rock and are detected in the detector. These rock muon events can be distinguished from cosmic muons only in the upward direction and can provide an independent measurement of the oscillation parameters. A simulation study of these events at the ICAL detector shows that, although reduced in significance compared to muons produced in direct CC neutrino interactions with the detector, these events are indeed sensitive to the oscillation parameters, achieving a possible $1\sigma$ precision of 10\% and 27\% in determining $\Delta m_{32}^2$ and $\sin^2\theta_{23}$, respectively. Hence a combination of the standard atmospheric neutrino analysis which is the main goal of ICAL, with these rock muon events, will improve the precision reach of ICAL for these parameters

A question of hierarchy: matter effects with atmospheric neutrinos and anti-neutrinos

It is by now established that neutrinos mix, have (different) non-zero masses, and therefore oscillate. The oscillation parameters themselves, however, are not all well-known. An open problem is that of the neutrino mass hierarchy. We study the possibility of determining the neutrino mass hierarchy with atmospheric neutrinos using an iron calorimeter detector capable of charge identification such as the proposed MONOLITH and ICAL/INO detectors. We find that such detectors are sensitive to the sign of the mass-squared difference, \delta_{32} = m_3^2 - m_2^2, provided the as-yet unknown mixing angle between the first and third generations, \theta_{13}, is greater than 6 degrees (\sin^2 2\theta_{13} > 0.04). A result with a significance greater than 90% CL requires large exposures (more than 500 kton-years) as well as good energy and angular resolution of the detected muons (better than 15%), especially for small \theta_{13}. Hence obtaining definitive results with such a detector is difficult, unless \theta_{13} turns out to be large. In contrast, such detectors can establish a clear oscillation pattern in atmospheric neutrinos in about 150 kton-years, therefore determining the absolute value of \delta_{32} and \sin^2 2 \theta_{23} to within 10%.Comment: 36 pages revtex with 14 eps figures; new section on statistical significance when detector resolution is include

Fuzzy and IRLNC-based routing approach to improve data storage and system reliability in IoT

Internet of Things (IoT) based sensor network is largely utilized in various field for transmitting huge amount of data due to their ease and cheaper installation. While performing this entire process, there is a high possibility for data corruption in the mid of transmission. On the other hand, the network performance is also affected due to various attacks. To address these issues, an efficient algorithm that jointly offers improved data storage and reliable routing is proposed. Initially, after the deployment of sensor nodes, the election of the storage node is achieved based on a fuzzy expert system. Improved Random Linear Network Coding (IRLNC) is used to create an encoded packet. This encoded packet from the source and neighboring nodes is transmitted to the storage node. Finally, to transmit the encoded packet from the storage node to the destination shortest path is found using the Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) algorithm. Experimental analysis of the proposed work is carried out by evaluating some of the statistical metrics. Average residual energy, packet delivery ratio, compression ratio and storage time achieved for the proposed work are 8.8%, 0.92%, 0.82%, and 69 s. Based on this analysis, it is revealed that better data storage system and system reliability is attained using this proposed work

Neutrino oscillation probabilities: Sensitivity to parameters

We study in detail the sensitivity of neutrino oscillation probabilities to the fundamental neutrino parameters and their possible determination through experiments. The first part of the paper is devoted to the broad theme of isolating regions in the neutrino (and anti-neutrino) energy and propagation length that are sensitive to the oscillation parameters. Such a study is relevant to neutrinos both from the Earth's atmosphere or from a neutrino factory. For completeness we discuss the sensitivity, however small, to the parameters involved in a three-generation framework, and to the Earth matter density profile. We then study processes relevant to atmospheric neutrinos which are sensitive to and allow precision measurements of the mixing angle theta_23 and mass-squared difference delta_32 apart from the mixing angle theta_13. Crucial to this analysis is charge identification; detectors having this capability can isolate these matter effects. In particular, we address the issue of using matter effects to determine whether the mixing angle theta_23 is maximal, and, if not, to explore how well its octant can be determined. When realistic detector resolutions are included, we find that deviations of about 15% (20%) from a maximal value of sin^2 theta_23=1/2 can be measured at 95% (99%) CL provided theta_13 is non-zero, sin^2 theta_13 >= 0.015, and the neutrino mass ordering is normal, with fairly large exposures of 1000 kton-years.Comment: 37 pages Latex file, 30 eps figure files; minor typos fixe

QCD Working Group Report

This is the report of the QCD working group at WHEPP 6. Discussions and work on heavy ion collisions, polarised scattering, and collider phenomenology are reported.Comment: Report of the QCD group at WHEPP-6, Chennai, January 2000. 7 page