Restrictions and Challenges that Prevent Women from Moving up in Leadership and Management Positions: A Frequency Count

The number of women occupying senior management positions in Pakistani universities remains significantly low, with only 8.2% of women holding such positions in 2020, as reported by the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan (HEC, 2021). A recent report by the HEC also revealed that out of the 197 universities in Pakistan, only 16 have female vice-chancellors, indicating the underrepresentation of women in other senior management roles, such as pro-vice-chancellor, registrar, treasurer, and controller of examinations. In order to gain a comprehensive understanding of the factors affecting women\u27s career progression in higher education management, this qualitative study conducted semi-structured interviews with 48 women in various management positions, alongside a focus group discussion. The data was subjected to thematic analysis, revealing the multifaceted challenges and limitations impeding women\u27s advancement to senior management positions. The findings suggest that factors such as women\u27s non-assertive behavior, preferentialism, Queen Bee syndrome, subtle discrimination, lack of professional ambition, and limited awareness of legal rights are the most significant barriers to women\u27s advancement in senior positions. Interestingly, themes related to women\u27s families were found to have the lowest frequency scores

Credit Markets in an Emerging Economy: Evidence from Pakistan

This thesis examines default resolution, fresh credit and lending relationships. The results suggest that collateral expedites both default resolution and access to fresh credit while higher interest rates increase duration of default. The impact of lender-borrower relationship on terms of credit varies by types of financial institution and firm. A longer relationship of a firm with the CEO of its bank results in lower risk premia

KOH etching of (100) Si wafer, No 2

This report describes KOH etching of (100) Si wafer through a hard mask of silicon oxide, and reveals that the scattered etch rate is ascribed to the etch rates of the different crystal planes exposed during the etching

KOH etching of (100) Si wafer, No 1

This report describes KOH etching of (100) Si wafer through a hard mask of silicon oxide, and reveals that the scattered etch rate is ascribed to the etch rates of the different crystal planes exposed during the etching