Recommended nomenclature for five mammalian carboxylesterase gene families: human, mouse, and rat genes and proteins

Mammalian carboxylesterase (CES or Ces) genes encode enzymes that participate in xenobiotic, drug, and lipid metabolism in the body and are members of at least five gene families. Tandem duplications have added more genes for some families, particularly for mouse and rat genomes, which has caused confusion in naming rodent Ces genes. This article describes a new nomenclature system for human, mouse, and rat carboxylesterase genes that identifies homolog gene families and allocates a unique name for each gene. The guidelines of human, mouse, and rat gene nomenclature committees were followed and “CES” (human) and “Ces” (mouse and rat) root symbols were used followed by the family number (e.g., human CES1). Where multiple genes were identified for a family or where a clash occurred with an existing gene name, a letter was added (e.g., human CES4A; mouse and rat Ces1a) that reflected gene relatedness among rodent species (e.g., mouse and rat Ces1a). Pseudogenes were named by adding “P” and a number to the human gene name (e.g., human CES1P1) or by using a new letter followed by ps for mouse and rat Ces pseudogenes (e.g., Ces2d-ps). Gene transcript isoforms were named by adding the GenBank accession ID to the gene symbol (e.g., human CES1_AB119995 or mouse Ces1e_BC019208). This nomenclature improves our understanding of human, mouse, and rat CES/Ces gene families and facilitates research into the structure, function, and evolution of these gene families. It also serves as a model for naming CES genes from other mammalian species

日本赤十字災害看護学の確立をめざして(第1報) : 赤十字災害看護研究会の発足とその課題

阪神淡路大震災を契機にわが国の看護界では災害看護学確立の機運が高まっている。日本赤十字は戦時災害救護を目的として創設され,救護看護婦を養成し,長い歴史の中で数多くの救護活動に携わってきた。その為にも看護基礎教育課程でも実践的な教育と卒業後の訓練を行ってきた。しかし,理論としての災害看護学を構築してきたとはいいがたい。そこで本稿では,災害看護学の構築を目指して赤十字災害看護研究会を発足させた経緯と,これから検討すべき課題について提案する。In Japan, taking the opportunity the big earthquake in Hansin and Awaji 1995 gave the movement are promoting many studies and construction of the disaster nursing theory. Although the Japanese Red Cross Nurses have great many activities since 1891,in natural disasters and aid suffering soldiers, the disaster nursing theory of the Japanese Red Cross is not yet clearly established. We have started the study with the aim of constructing the theory of disaster nursing for the Japanese Red Cross