Relationships between sensory stimuli and autonomic nervous regulation during real and virtual exercises

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Application of virtual environment (VE) technology to motor rehabilitation increases the number of possible rehabilitation tasks and/or exercises. However, enhancing a specific sensory stimulus sometimes causes unpleasant sensations or fatigue, which would in turn decrease motivation for continuous rehabilitation. To select appropriate tasks and/or exercises for individuals, evaluation of physical activity during recovery is necessary, particularly the changes in the relationship between autonomic nervous activity (ANA) and sensory stimuli.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We estimated the ANA from the R-R interval time series of electrocardiogram and incoming sensory stimuli that would activate the ANA. For experiments in real exercise, we measured vehicle data and electromyogram signals during cycling exercise. For experiments in virtual exercise, we measured eye movement in relation to image motion vectors while the subject was viewing a mountain-bike video image from a first-person viewpoint.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>For the real cycling exercise, the results were categorized into four groups by evaluating muscle fatigue in relation to the ANA. They suggested that fatigue should be evaluated on the basis of not only muscle activity but also autonomic nervous regulation after exercise. For the virtual exercise, the ANA-related conditions revealed a remarkable time distribution of trigger points that would change eye movement and evoke unpleasant sensations.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>For expanding the options of motor rehabilitation using VE technology, approaches need to be developed for simultaneously monitoring and separately evaluating the activation of autonomic nervous regulation in relation to neuromuscular and sensory systems with different time scales.</p

Decoding distributed oscillatory signals driven by memory and perception in the prefrontal cortex.

Sensory perception and memory recall generate different conscious experiences. Although externally and internally driven neural activities signifying the same perceptual content overlap in the sensory cortex, their distribution in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), an area implicated in both perception and memory, remains elusive. Here, we test whether the local spatial configurations and frequencies of neural oscillations driven by perception and memory recall overlap in the macaque PFC using high-density electrocorticography and multivariate pattern analysis. We find that dynamically changing oscillatory signals distributed across the PFC in the delta-, theta-, alpha-, and beta-band ranges carry significant, but mutually different, information predicting the same feature of memory-recalled internal targets and passively perceived external objects. These findings suggest that the frequency-specific distribution of oscillatory neural signals in the PFC serves cortical signatures responsible for distinguishing between different types of cognition driven by external perception and internal memory

Time distributions of trigger points and for each 10-s segment for 2-min-long randomly camera-shaken video image: (a) number of trigger points accumulated for five tasks; (b) γfor each task averaged among "unpleasant" group

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Relationships between sensory stimuli and autonomic nervous regulation during real and virtual exercises"</p><p>http://www.jneuroengrehab.com/content/4/1/38</p><p>Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation 2007;4():38-38.</p><p>Published online 6 Oct 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2117019.</p><p></p> Note that the pan component and the horizontal movement were used as the GMV and the eye movement, respectively

Distributions of total SSQ score in relation to SSS: (a) contour plot of total SSQ score as a function of normalized LF and HF components at each SSS (60 dots); (b) practical time distribution of the total SSQ score in relation to each SSS

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Relationships between sensory stimuli and autonomic nervous regulation during real and virtual exercises"</p><p>http://www.jneuroengrehab.com/content/4/1/38</p><p>Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation 2007;4():38-38.</p><p>Published online 6 Oct 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2117019.</p><p></p

Scatter graphs between and during climbing for four categories: (a) before climbing; (b) during the rest after climbing

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Relationships between sensory stimuli and autonomic nervous regulation during real and virtual exercises"</p><p>http://www.jneuroengrehab.com/content/4/1/38</p><p>Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation 2007;4():38-38.</p><p>Published online 6 Oct 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2117019.</p><p></p> The number of samples for each group is displayed with the number of power-assist-off trials in parentheses

A pilot study on pupillary and cardiovascular changes induced by stereoscopic video movies

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Differences in subjective taste between Japanese and Sri Lankan students depending on food composition, nationality, and serum zinc

Summary: Background & aims: Taste is a very important factor affecting nutritional intake and compliance. Subjective taste may differ among nationalities. In the present study we examined differences in subjective taste according to food composition and nationality. Methods: Twelve Japanese and 4 Sri Lankan students took part in the study. Food samples of 3 different mixtures of chicken and rice were tasted: Food 1, 3 g chicken/10 g rice; Food 2, 6 g chicken/10 g rice; Food 3, 9 g chicken/10 g rice. The sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and astringent taste of each of the food samples, as well as their deliciousness, were scored subjectively on a scale of 0–5. Results were compared between the 3 types of food samples, as well as between nationalities. In addition, concentrations of blood micronutrients were measured. Results: Across all 3 types of food, the change in subjective taste of salty, sweet, and sour differed significantly between Japanese and Sri Lankan students (P = 0.022, P = 0.008, and P = 0.025, respectively). However, bitter and astringent taste, as well as the perceived overall deliciousness of the foods, was comparable between the 2 groups. Serum zinc levels were significantly lower in Sri Lankan than Japanese students (P = 0.004). Conclusions: Subjective assessment of taste differs according to food composition and nationality, and it is important to consider taste preferences according to nationality when promoting oral nutritional support. Keywords: Taste, Japanese, Sri Lankan, Zinc, Nationality, Food compositio