Impact of Breastfeeding on Body Weight of Preschool Children in a Rural Area of Japan: Population-based Cross-sectional Study

To investigate the effect of exclusive breastfeeding on the likelihood of Japanese preschool children being overweight, population-based cross-sectional survey data from M town in Japan were used. Using the population registry of this town, all 616 preschool children were identified, and a self-administered questionnaire was sent to their parents. The exposure variable of interest was exclusive breastfeeding from birth to 6 months, and the outcome variable of interest was the children being overweight at preschool age. Statistical analyses used included logistic regression and sensitivity analyses. In the final analyses, we included 448 preschool children. Although all point estimates indicated a protective effect, logistic regression analyses showed no significant reduction in being overweight due to exclusive breastfeeding in the unadjusted model (odds ratio (OR)0.70, 95% confidence intervals:0.30-1.64), the model adjusted for birth weight (OR0.70, 95% CI:0.30-1.63), the model adjusted for child lifestyle (OR0.71, 95% CI:0.30-1.67), or the model adjusted for parental factors (OR0.46, 95% CI:0.15-1.37). In sensitivity analyses, point estimates were not significant, but a protective effect was observed. In conclusion, our results suggest that breastfeeding might have a protective effect on Japanese preschool children against being overweight, although statistical significance was not observed due to the limitation of the statistical power of the findings.</p

Is There Any Association between TV Viewing and Obesity in Preschool Children in Japan?

Obesity in children is a serious public health problem, and TV viewing is considered a potential risk factor. Since, however, no relevant association studies have been conducted in Japan, we evaluated the association between TV viewing and obesity using a population-based study conducted in a Japanese town. All 616 preschool children in the town were enrolled in February 2008, and a self-administered questionnaire to collect children's and parents' characteristics was sent to the parents. We dichotomized the time spent TV viewing and evaluated associations by logistic regression using a &#34;less than 2h&#34; category as a reference. The questionnaire was collected from 476 participants (77.3%), of whom 449 were available for the final analyses. Among them, 26.9% of preschool children reported 2 or more hours of TV viewing per day and 8.2% were defined as obese. In logistic regression analyses, there was no positive association in unadjusted (odds ratio [OR]1.11, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]:0.50-2.49) or adjusted models for exclusively breastfed status, sleep duration, or maternal factors (OR1.11, 95% CI:0.50-2.51). We also found no positive association between TV viewing and overweight status, possibly owing to the influence of social environment, low statistical power, or misclassification.</p

脳血管障害に用いる降圧剤の持続使用による静脈炎発生

静脈炎の発症に関する薬剤別の検討，脳血管障害時に降圧剤として用いているニカルジピンによる静脈炎の検討，脳血管障害に関連する患者要因と静脈炎の発症に関連する検討の3点から文献検討を行った． 脳血管障害患者の急性期における降圧を目的とする治療は，生命にかかわる重要な治療であるが，その時に発生する静脈炎発生時の患者の苦痛の緩和も見逃せない患者へのケアの一つである．重症状況で意識レベルも不安定な時期であるからこそ，丁寧な観察と静脈炎発生予防を心がけ，よりよい看護につなげなければならない．We examined literature in terms of three aspects: onset of phlebitis induced by each drug, phlebitis by nicardipine used as an antihypertensive agent at cerebrovascular disorder, and patients factors associated with cerebrovascular disorder and the onset of phlebitis. Although the treatment for the purpose of the depression in the acute phase of patients with cerebrovascular disorder is vitally important, the alleviation of the distress of patients at the treatment of phlebitis occurrence is also one of the important cares. Careful observation and prevention of phlebitis are necessary for better nursing because it is the time when the patients are seriously ill and their consciousness is unstable

Chemotherapy with low-dose capecitabine as palliative treatment in a patient with metastatic breast cancer: a case report

Chemotherapeutic agents are rarely used for symptom management in patients under palliative care setting. This is because chemotherapeutic agents not only have limited efficacy in palliative treatment but are also known to exert severe adverse effects. We describe our experience with a patient with metastatic breast cancer who was successfully treated with low-dose capecitabine, without the development of any severe toxicities and with significant improvement in activities of daily living (ADL) and quality of life (QOL)

Small extracellular vesicles in follicular fluids for predicting reproductive outcomes in assisted reproductive technology

Abstract Background Assisted reproductive technology accounts for an increasing proportion of infertility treatments, and assessments to predict clinical pregnancy outcomes are desired. Extracellular vesicles exist in follicular fluid, and small non coding RNAs in extracellular vesicles underline the possibility of reflecting pregnancy potential. Methods Follicular fluid samples are collected from 20 ovarian follicles of 15 infertile patients undergoing assisted reproductive technology. Extracellular vesicles are isolated by serial centrifugation and small RNA sequencing is performed to investigate the profiles of microRNAs and P-element-induced wimpy testis-interacting RNAs. Results Small extracellular vesicles with a size range of approximately 100 nm are successfully isolated, and the small non coding RNA profiles of pregnant samples (n = 8) are different from those of non-pregnant samples (n = 12). Fourteen dysregulated small non coding RNAs are selected to identify the independent candidates [mean read count >100, area under the curve >0.8]. Among them, we find that a specific combination of small non coding RNAs (miR-16-2-3p, miR-378a-3p, and miR-483-5p) can predict the pregnant samples more precisely using a receiver operating characteristics curves analysis (area under the curve: 0.96). Furthermore, even in the same patients, the three microRNAs are differentially expressed between pregnant and non-pregnant samples. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that small non coding RNAs derived from small extracellular vesicles in follicular fluid can be potential non-invasive biomarkers for predicting pregnancy, leading to their probable application in assisted reproductive technology. Further large-scale studies are required to validate the clinical usefulness of these small non coding RNAs