The functional regulator (FR I) [Fonksiyonel düzenleyici (FR I).]

PubMed ID: 2101652The FR I appliance, which aims the sagittal, vertical and transversal development of intraoral cavity by keeping away the perioral muscles is used widely in crowded Angle Class I and Class II Division 1 cases. The most active period for Frankel I treatment is the time upper and lower incisors finish their eruption and the posterior deciduous teeth are in their places only for retention. In the 11 year old patient treated with FR I appliance for 6 months, the ANB angle decreased by 3.5 degrees and an anterior development of mandible was established. Also a transversal development in lower and upper jaws and sagittal development in the lower jaw were seen

The functional regulators (FR III, FR IV) [Fonksiyonel düzenleyici (FR III, FR IV).]

PubMed ID: 2101654The Frankel III appliance is used in Angle Class III, maxillary deficiency cases. The vestibular and buccal shilts changes the sagittal relationship of the jaws in Class III cases by developing the upper jaw sagittally, vertically and transversally. After 7 months of FR III treatment of an 11 year old Class III patient, the molar relationship and anterior crossbite were corrected. As the SNA angle increased, the -2 degrees ANB an le changed to 2 degrees. As there were no transversal and sagittal development in lower jaw, the upper jaw expanded transversally and sagittally. Also the FR IV appliance is used in the treatment of open-bite and bimaxillary protrusion cases

Development of functional jaw orthopedics and function regulator [Fonksiyonel çene ortopedisinin gelişimi ve fonksiyonel düzenleyici.]

PubMed ID: 2101646Functional jaw orthopedics is an orthodontic treatment which uses muscle stimuli developed from the functions and tonus changes of masticatory, tongue, lip and cheek muscles. The functional regulator which is one of the appliances used in this treatment, takes support not from the teeth, but directly from the soft tissues in order to make changes in alveolar bone and teeth

Relapse of anterior crowding in patients treated with extraction and nonextraction of premolars

PubMed ID: 16769496Introduction: The purpose of this study was to evaluate long-term stability of incisor crowding in orthodontic patients treated with and without premolar extractions. Methods: Dental casts and cephalometric records of 98 patients were evaluated before treatment (T1), at posttreatment (T2), and at postretention (T3). Half of the patients had been treated with extractions, and half were treated nonextraction. Results: Irregularity, as measured by the irregularity index, decreased 5.51 mm in the extraction group and 2.38 mm in the nonextraction group. Mandibular incisor irregularity increased 0.97 mm in the extraction group and 0.99 mm in the nonextraction group, respectively, in the postretention period. Maxillary incisor irregularity relapse was smaller than mandibular incisor relapse for both groups. Intercanine width expanded during treatment. At T3, mandibular intercanine width decreased in both groups, but the differences were not statistically significant. At T3, intermolar width was stable, arch depth decreased, overbite and overjet slightly increased, SN mandibular plane angle decreased, and incisor positions in both groups tended to return to T1 values. Clinically acceptable stability was obtained. Conclusions: With the exception of the interincisal angle, no statistically significant differences were recorded between the extraction and nonextraction groups from T2 to T3. No statistically significant correlations were found between any variables studied and mandibular incisor irregularity at T1, T2, and T3. © 2006 American Association of Orthodontists