EXPLORATIVE STUDY ON THE CYBER-ATTACK SOURCE TRACEBACK TECHNOLOGIES FOR BRIGHT INTERNET

In order to cope with the various types of cyber-attacks in the Internet, several methods of tracking the source of attack have been developed. However, until recently, most of them are defensive security methods rather than preventive one. In order to settle the Bright Internet, which is still in its early stage, it is necessary to establish a technical source tracking method. For this, a standard and evaluation criteria are needed to determine which technology would be appropriate for the Bright Internet requirements. In this paper, we classify cyber-attack source traceback technologies and derive some criteria for the evaluation of the technologies for the Bright Internet. Using the criteria, we can evaluate existing traceback technologies from the perspective of the Bright Internet. In this article, we try to evaluate SAVA, PPM, iTrace, Controlled flooding, Input Debugging, Central Track, IPSec, SPIE(Hash-based), and Marking+Logging methods. Based on this research, future research will require in-depth verification of traceback technologies that reflects all the principles of the Bright Internet in practice

Thermoelectric properties of graphene incorporated thermoelectric materials

Thermoelectric materials, which can change the waste heat into the usable electricity, are interested in various field of applications such as vehicle, ship, power plane, and so on. To enhance the thermoelectric properties, high electrical conductivity, high Seebeck coefficient, and low thermal conductivity should be conducted, however, the trade-off relation between electronic property and thermal property in terms of carrier concentration could be the bottle-neck on the enhancement of thermoelectric properties of the materials. In this presentation, we discuss with the graphene incorporation in the conventional thermoelectric materials, which could lead to independently control electric and thermal properties

External Use of Propolis for Oral, Skin, and Genital Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Objective. The aim of this review is to provide the available evidence on the external use of propolis (EUP) for oral, skin, and genital diseases. Method. We searched twelve electronic databases for relevant studies up to June 2016. Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) were included and analysed. Results. Of the 286 articles identified, twelve potentially relevant studies met our inclusion criteria. A meta-analysis of two studies on recurrent oral aphthae (ROA) indicated that there were no significant differences in total effective rate (TER) for pain disappearance between EUP and placebo groups (RR = 1.96, 95% CI = 0.97–3.98, and P=0.06). In two studies on skin diseases, the combined treatment of EUP with other interventions revealed significant effects on the duration of treatment or TER. In one study on genital diseases, EUP showed significant differences in genital herpes outcome measures compared to placebo. Conclusions. Our results on the effectiveness of EUP for treating oral, skin, and genital diseases are not conclusive because of the low methodological qualities and small sample sizes. Further well-designed randomized controlled trials, with high quality and large samples for specific disorders, must be conducted to obtain firm conclusions

PPM1A Controls Diabetic Gene Programming through Directly Dephosphorylating PPAR?? at Ser273

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR gamma) is a master regulator of adipose tissue biology. In obesity, phosphorylation of PPAR gamma at Ser273 (pSer273) by cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) orchestrates diabetic gene reprogramming via dysregulation of specific gene expression. Although many recent studies have focused on the development of non-classical agonist drugs that inhibit the phosphorylation of PPAR gamma at Ser273, the molecular mechanism of PPAR gamma dephosphorylation at Ser273 is not well characterized. Here, we report that protein phosphatase Mg2+/Mn2+-dependent 1A (PPM1A) is a novel PPAR gamma phosphatase that directly dephosphorylates Ser273 and restores diabetic gene expression which is dysregulated by pSer273. The expression of PPM1A significantly decreases in two models of insulin resistance: diet-induced obese (DIO) mice and db/db mice, in which it negatively correlates with pSer273. Transcriptomic analysis using microarray and genotype-tissue expression (GTEx) data in humans shows positive correlations between PPM1A and most of the genes that are dysregulated by pSer273. These findings suggest that PPM1A dephosphorylates PPAR gamma at Ser273 and represents a potential target for the treatment of obesity-linked metabolic disorders