Utjecaj motoričke ograničenosti na izražavanje agresivnosti u adolescenata

This study examined how motor limitations in terms of reduced possibilities to move influence aggression, starting from the fact that motor skills and movement have an important place in the expression of aggression, as well as the tendency of adolescents to “body language”. Adolescent with motor deficit is hindered in gaining experience of one’s own body, which is reflected in the formation of complete experience of himself, or constitution of the self. In many of the functions of motor skills and movement aggression has a significant place that we wanted to determine without deeper analysis of whether the origin of aggression is instinctive or it is always just the result of frustration. The sample on which testing was performed consisted of 100 randomly selected subjects of both genders aged 16-18 years. Fifty subjects had motor limitations due to illness or injury, and another fifty subjects had intact motor functions. The study used three instruments: 1) A-87 questionnaire for aggressiveness examination; 2) structured interview; and 3) protocol for observation under natural conditions. Results of the analysis of data obtained in total score, as well as in all five subscales of the A-87 questionnaire for aggressiveness examination showed that the two groups were not significantly different. The results obtained by structured interview showed the adolescents with motor limitations to demonstrate greater verbal aggressiveness, then latent physical aggressiveness. A statistically significant between-group difference was obtained on the factor of self-destructiveness, which implies that adolescents with motor limitations are somewhat more self-destructive compared to those in control group. From the results obtained by the protocol for systematic observation in natural conditions, it was evident that there were significant differences on most of perceptual conducts between control and experimental group, whereby adolescents with motor limitations were more aggressive than control group subjects, especially in behaviors that apply to all forms of verbal aggressiveness. All examined adolescents in which some apparent forms of aggressive behavior were noticed in the observation protocol showed comparable expression of aggressiveness according to the results obtained on the subscales of the A-87 aggressiveness questionnaire, which connects these two measuring instruments and justifies their use in the study of aggressiveness regardless of the understanding of the origin of aggression.Ovim istraživanjem pokušalo se utvrditi koliko motorička ograničenost u smislu umanjene mogućnosti kretanja utječe na agresivnost, polazeći od činjenice da motorika i kretanje u izražavanju agresivnosti imaju značajno mjesto, kao i tendencija adolescenata prema “govoru tijela”. Adolescent s motoričkim deficitom ometen je u stjecanju iskustva o vlastitom tijelu, što se odražava i na formiranje cjelovitog doživljaja sebe, odnosno na konstituciju sebstva (selfa). Među mnogim funkcijama koje kretanje i motorika posjeduju agresija ima značajno mjesto koje smo ovim istraživanjem željeli utvrditi, pri čemu nismo ulazili dublje u analizu je li podrijetlo agresivnosti nagonsko ili je ona uvijek rezultat samo frustracije. Uzorak na kojem se provodilo ispitivanje sastojao se od ukupno sto slučajno odabranih ispitanika oba spola u dobi od 16 do 18 godina. Pedesetero ispitanika imalo je motoričku ograničenost zbog bolesti ili povreda, a pedesetero ispitanika bilo je intaktnih motoričkih funkcija. U istraživanju su se koristila tri instrumenta: 1. upitnik za ispitivanje agresivnosti A-87; 2. strukturirani intervju; i 3. protokol opažanja u prirodnim uvjetima. Rezultati analize podataka dobivenih na ukupnom rezultatu kao i na svih pet podljestvica upitnika za mjerenje agresivnosti A-87 pokazuju da se ispitivane skupine statistički značajno ne razlikuju. U rezultatima dobivenim strukturiranim intervjuom vidi se da adolescenti s motoričkom ograničenošću iskazuju veću verbalnu latentnu, a zatim i latentnu fizičku agresivnost. Statistički je značajna razlika između ispitivanih skupina dobivena i na čimbeniku autodestruktivnosti, što govori da su adolescenti s motoričkom ograničenošću nešto više autodestruktivni u odnosu na one iz kontrolne skupine. Iz rezultata dobivenih protokolom za sustavno opažanje u prirodnim uvjetima vidljivo je da postoje izražene razlike na većini opažajnih ponašanja između kontrolne i eksperimentalne skupine, pričem su adolescenti s motoričkom ograničenošću agresivniji od ispitanika kontrolne skupine i to naročito u ponašanjima koja se odnose na sve oblike verbalne agresivnosti. Svi ukupno ispitivani adolescenti kod kojih su zapaženi pojedini oblici manifestnog agresivnog ponašanja na protokolu opažanja nadopunjuju se rezultatima agresivnosti dobivenim na podljestvicama agresivnosti upitnika A-87, što povezuje ova dva mjerna instrumenta i opravdava njihovu upotrebu u istraživanju agresivnosti bez obzira na shvaćanje samog podrijetla agresije

Utjecaj motoričke ograničenosti na izražavanje agresivnosti u adolescenata

This study examined how motor limitations in terms of reduced possibilities to move influence aggression, starting from the fact that motor skills and movement have an important place in the expression of aggression, as well as the tendency of adolescents to “body language”. Adolescent with motor deficit is hindered in gaining experience of one’s own body, which is reflected in the formation of complete experience of himself, or constitution of the self. In many of the functions of motor skills and movement aggression has a significant place that we wanted to determine without deeper analysis of whether the origin of aggression is instinctive or it is always just the result of frustration. The sample on which testing was performed consisted of 100 randomly selected subjects of both genders aged 16-18 years. Fifty subjects had motor limitations due to illness or injury, and another fifty subjects had intact motor functions. The study used three instruments: 1) A-87 questionnaire for aggressiveness examination; 2) structured interview; and 3) protocol for observation under natural conditions. Results of the analysis of data obtained in total score, as well as in all five subscales of the A-87 questionnaire for aggressiveness examination showed that the two groups were not significantly different. The results obtained by structured interview showed the adolescents with motor limitations to demonstrate greater verbal aggressiveness, then latent physical aggressiveness. A statistically significant between-group difference was obtained on the factor of self-destructiveness, which implies that adolescents with motor limitations are somewhat more self-destructive compared to those in control group. From the results obtained by the protocol for systematic observation in natural conditions, it was evident that there were significant differences on most of perceptual conducts between control and experimental group, whereby adolescents with motor limitations were more aggressive than control group subjects, especially in behaviors that apply to all forms of verbal aggressiveness. All examined adolescents in which some apparent forms of aggressive behavior were noticed in the observation protocol showed comparable expression of aggressiveness according to the results obtained on the subscales of the A-87 aggressiveness questionnaire, which connects these two measuring instruments and justifies their use in the study of aggressiveness regardless of the understanding of the origin of aggression.Ovim istraživanjem pokušalo se utvrditi koliko motorička ograničenost u smislu umanjene mogućnosti kretanja utječe na agresivnost, polazeći od činjenice da motorika i kretanje u izražavanju agresivnosti imaju značajno mjesto, kao i tendencija adolescenata prema “govoru tijela”. Adolescent s motoričkim deficitom ometen je u stjecanju iskustva o vlastitom tijelu, što se odražava i na formiranje cjelovitog doživljaja sebe, odnosno na konstituciju sebstva (selfa). Među mnogim funkcijama koje kretanje i motorika posjeduju agresija ima značajno mjesto koje smo ovim istraživanjem željeli utvrditi, pri čemu nismo ulazili dublje u analizu je li podrijetlo agresivnosti nagonsko ili je ona uvijek rezultat samo frustracije. Uzorak na kojem se provodilo ispitivanje sastojao se od ukupno sto slučajno odabranih ispitanika oba spola u dobi od 16 do 18 godina. Pedesetero ispitanika imalo je motoričku ograničenost zbog bolesti ili povreda, a pedesetero ispitanika bilo je intaktnih motoričkih funkcija. U istraživanju su se koristila tri instrumenta: 1. upitnik za ispitivanje agresivnosti A-87; 2. strukturirani intervju; i 3. protokol opažanja u prirodnim uvjetima. Rezultati analize podataka dobivenih na ukupnom rezultatu kao i na svih pet podljestvica upitnika za mjerenje agresivnosti A-87 pokazuju da se ispitivane skupine statistički značajno ne razlikuju. U rezultatima dobivenim strukturiranim intervjuom vidi se da adolescenti s motoričkom ograničenošću iskazuju veću verbalnu latentnu, a zatim i latentnu fizičku agresivnost. Statistički je značajna razlika između ispitivanih skupina dobivena i na čimbeniku autodestruktivnosti, što govori da su adolescenti s motoričkom ograničenošću nešto više autodestruktivni u odnosu na one iz kontrolne skupine. Iz rezultata dobivenih protokolom za sustavno opažanje u prirodnim uvjetima vidljivo je da postoje izražene razlike na većini opažajnih ponašanja između kontrolne i eksperimentalne skupine, pričem su adolescenti s motoričkom ograničenošću agresivniji od ispitanika kontrolne skupine i to naročito u ponašanjima koja se odnose na sve oblike verbalne agresivnosti. Svi ukupno ispitivani adolescenti kod kojih su zapaženi pojedini oblici manifestnog agresivnog ponašanja na protokolu opažanja nadopunjuju se rezultatima agresivnosti dobivenim na podljestvicama agresivnosti upitnika A-87, što povezuje ova dva mjerna instrumenta i opravdava njihovu upotrebu u istraživanju agresivnosti bez obzira na shvaćanje samog podrijetla agresije

Experience in work with centralized intake model (Checkpoints) for methadone substitution therapy in Dubrovnik

After the Homeland War, addiction in Croatia has raised to alarming proportions. The treatment of addicts is a long-term and very complex process and requires a wide range of biological and psychosocial methods with the support of local communities, but also the entire society so as to make sure that the process is even more successful. One of important factors in the approach to drug users is the need for a better control in treatment. In Dubrovnik an experimental pilot-project was established with checkpoints (Punkt) for the implementation of methadone therapy. Despite the benefits in better controlling of drug addicts there were also a number of disadvantages, among which the most important was the high cost of treatment

Monitoring of GM Soybean in High Categories of Seed on the Croatian Seed Market

Croatia has a long tradition in seed production for domestic use and for export. As an EU candidate country Croatia has harmonized its legislation with EU directives and therefore no GM soybean is authorized for cultivation. So far there is no record of introduction of GM soybean into Croatian environment; however there are earlier records of growing genetically modified soybean in the region. Aim of this study is to monitor current position in domestic seed market regarding genetically modified soybeans through substantial PCR screening for three lines: GTS 40-3-2 (Roundup Ready, RRS), A2704-12 (Liberty Link, LL) and MON89788 soybean (RR2). Screening was performed on high category soybean seed that was certified for Croatian market in season 2010/2011. Total of 18 different varieties of soybean seed were tested and all resulted negative for the presence of the tested GM lines. This is the first such screening of Croatian seed market

Alcohol consumption among adolescents in the City of Zagreb and the presence of alcohol drinking among their parents

– Daily clinical practice, as well as numerous studies, shows that the problem of auto-aggression, and with that the problem of alcohol consumption among youth, is increasing and at the present time, is very actual. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of alcohol use among adolescents in the city of Zagreb, and if the presence of alcoholism in their families was a risk factor for the development of tendency for excessive alcohol consumption. The study was conducted on 701 subjects – both genders. Subjects were students of high schools in the city of Zagreb from the ages 14 to 19. For the data collection, we used a structured questionnaire which included questions about demographic and family information and a standardized questionnaire, Autodestruction Scale (ADS). ADS is an instrument that measures the self-destructive tendencies in the personality of the individual and consists of 107 statements (questions). According to the results of our study, from the total number of high school students 56.6% had consumed alcohol without the knowledge of their parents, 22.3% of them had experience in excessive alcohol consumption whereby boys were significantly more often inclined to do so compared to girls. In addition, this study has shown that 21.8% of adolescents have fathers who drink alcohol often or very often, while alcohol consumption among mothers of adolescents is not statistically significant

UTJECAJ NAVODNJAVANJA I GNOJIDBE DUŠIKOM NA SVOJSTVA SORATA SOJE (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)

Field trials were set during a two year period under field conditions in Osijek. The aim was to confirm an influence of irrigation rate, nitrogen (N) fertilization and soybean varieties on seed yield and some yield components. The irrigation treatments were: control (A1); soil moisture content from 60% to 100% retention water capacity (RWC, A2) and soil moisture content from 80% to 100% RWC (A3). Rate of N was sub sub-factor: 0 (B1); 100 (B2) and 200 kg N ha-1 (B3), were applied. Una (C1) and Anica (C2) soybean varieties were a sub-sub factor (C). Mean soybean seed yields were 3082 kg ha-1 and 3538 kg ha-1 in 2006 and 2007, respectively. Irrigation resulted high statistically influence in soybean seed yield in both investigated years. Variety Una yielded (3179 kg ha-1) statistically very higher than Anica in 2006. Irrigation had significant effect in pod number plant-1 only in year 2007. Interactions AB and AC were significant in pod number plant-1, in one year, while BC interaction was in both years. Thousand seed weight (g) resulted in significant effect in irrigation treatment in both years, N fertilization effect in year 2007, while variety Una had highly significant higher value than variety Anica, in both years. Irrigation, N fertilization and variety had statistical very significant influence on seed weight plant-1 in one year, only. Seed weight plant-1 interaction effects AB, BC and ABC were very significant in one year, while BC interaction was in both years. Irrigation and variety had significant influence on seed number plant-1 in both years, while interactions AB, AC, BC and ABC showed significant effect in both years or very significant once.Na području Osijeka tijekom dvije godine postavljeni su poljski pokusi. Cilj je rada bio utvrditi utjecaj navodnjavanja, gnojidbe dušikom (N) i kultivara soje na urod i neke komponente uroda. Varijante navodnjavanja bile su kontrola (A1); održavanje sadržaja vode u tlu od 60% do 100% retencijskoga kapaciteta za vodu (RKV, A2) i održavanje sadržaja vode u tlu od 80% do 100% RKV (A3). Količina N bio je podfaktor: 0 kg N ha-1 (B1); 100 (B2) i 200 kg N ha-1 (B3). Sorte Una (C1) i Anica (C2) bile su pod-podfaktor (C). Prosječan urod zrna soje bio je 3082 i 3538 kg ha-1 2006., odnosno 2007. godine. Navodnjavanje je rezultiralo statistički vrlo značajnom razlikom u urodu zrna soje u obje godine. Sorta Una imala je (3179 kg ha-1) statistički značajno veći urod od Anice u 2006. godini. Navodnjavanje je rezultiralo statistički značajnom razlikom u broju mahuna po biljci samo u 2007. godini. Interakcija AB i AC na broj mahuna po biljci bila je statistički značajna u jednoj godini, a interakcija BC u obje godine. Masa tisuću zrna (g) rezultirala je značajnim učinkom navodnjavanja u obje godine, učinak gnojidbe N u 2007. godini, dok je sorta Una bila vrlo značajno veća od Anice u obje godine. Navodnjavanje, gnojidba N i sorta soje rezultiralo je sa statistički značajnom masom zrna po biljci samo u jednoj godini. Interakcije AB, BC i ABC bile su vrlo značajne u masi zrna po biljci u jednoj godini, dok je interakcija BC bila značajna u obje godine. Navodnjavanje i sorta soje rezultirali su vrlo značajnim utjecajem na broj zrna po biljci u obje godine istraživanja, dok su interakcije AB, AC, BC i ABC bile značajne u obje godine ili vrlo značajne u jednoj godini

RAZVOJ PSIHIJATRIJSKE SKRBI U DUBROVNIKU

Analiziranjem dijela dostupne povijesne dokumentacije o zdravstvenim prilikama u Dubrovniku tijekom proteklih stoljeća posebna je pozornost usmjerena na razvoj psihijatrijske skrbi. Dubrovnik je ostvario veliki napredak u razvoju medicine u Hrvatskoj. Već od kraja 13. stoljeća postoje službeni propisi o osnovama medicinskih, higijenskih i socijalnih mjera, a od 1347. godine postoji prva socijalno-zdravstvena ustanova koja je preteča socijalno-psihijatrijske skrbi. Dobar geostrateški položaj i razvoj diplomacije omogućili su i razvoj psihijatrijske skrbi tijekom stoljeća do danas

Oral Health Related to Demographic Features in Bosnian Children Aged Six

The main aim of this paper is to present epidemiological indicators of oral health among six-year olds in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BH) and to analyze values of dmft index and dental treatment needs in order to identify differences in parts of the country. Another aim is to identify the needs from the public oral health care system in Bosnia and Herzegovina related to early permanent dentition by analyzing the condition of first permanent molars (FPM) as an indicator of oral health of permanent dentition. Survey was carried out in 2004 in 8 cantons of the Federation of BH (FBH) and in the Republic of Srpska (RS). Final sample included 560 participants aged six (mean 6.2, SD±0.87). One dental team clinically examined all participants according to WHO methodology and criteria. The parameters used were: dmft index, DMFT index of first permanent molars (FPM), presence of sealants and treatment needs. A questionnaire about oral health habits had been administered. Dmft was 6.71 in that the d-component constituted the major part of the index. DMFT index of FPM was 0.61 (SD±1.08). Percentage of caries free participants aged 6 was 6.8%. Average number of FPM with fissure sealants in BH was 0.25 (SD±0.78). Significant demographic differences in dmft index, DMFT FPM and treatment needs were identified. Most participants (48.5%) had their first dental visit between the ages of five and seven. National oral health goal for Bosnia and Herzegovina should be to develop and implement disease prevention programs based on education of both parents and dental practitioners. It is necessary to improve access to dental care and shift focus from curative to preventive procedures. It is also necessary to set real goals for improvement of oral health which can be achieved within a desired time frame, as well as to precisely define measures to be taken

Prelog protocol (1744, 1792 – 1796)

Protokol trgovišta Prelog čuva se u Državnom arhivu za Međimurje u Štrigovi u fondu Poglavarstvo trgovišta Prelog. Obuhvaća tri knjige za razdoblje od 1792. do 1849. godine s dva kasnije unesena upisa koji se odnose na 1744. (dokument broj 46) i 1791. godinu. Sam zapisnik pisan je latinicom i hrvatskom kajkavštinom. U ugovorima se često nalazi i formulacija na latinskom jeziku nemine contradicente, gdje se dodatno daje do znanja kako se zemlja prodaje dobrovoljno. Također, osim gore spomenute formulacije, može se naći i iure perpetuo, et irrevocabili. U zapisniku se mogu naći i germanizmi. Iz prve knjige zapisnika u ovom članku transkribirano je prvih 90 stranica sa 89 upisa. U zapisima su obuhvaćene oporuke, prepuštanja gospodarstva i zemljišta, zamjene zemljišta, a najčešći su zapisi kupoprodajne prirode, koji se pojavljuje u dvije različite verzije, dakle jedna u kojoj se citiraju riječi prodavača koji prodaje zemlju, ili sklapa neku drugu vrstu dogovora, ili pak verzija u kojoj se citiraju sudac (rihtar) i prisežnici, odnosno svjedoci, koji objašnjavaju što se dogodilo na dan kada je stranka došla kod njih, odnosno koji je zahtjev uputila.The protocol of the Prelog trading town is kept at the State Archive in Medjimurje at Štrigova in the collection of the Prelog trading town administration. This includes three books for the period from 1792 to 1849, with two subsequent entries for the years 1744 and 1791. The record is written in the Latin script and the Croatian Kajkavian dialect. The contracts often contain the Latin phrase nemine contradicente, with an additional note that the lands are sold voluntarily. Also, there is also the phrase iure perpetuo, et irrevocabili. The record also contains Germanisms

Vrednovanje profilaktičkog potencijala imunizacije cjepivom neenterotoksigenog soja bakterije Escherichia coli (ne-ETEC) i pogodnosti kompetitivne ekskluzije dodatkom hrani manan-oligosaharida protiv infekcija izazvanih sojevima ETEC u odbijene prasadi

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strains expressing F4 and F18 fimbriae are the most common causative agents of post-weaning diarrhoea (PWD) in pigs. The growing global restriction on the use of antibiotics in food animals has encouraged research into the development of nutritional and feeding strategies as well as vaccination against PWD. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a live oral F4ac+ F18ac+ non-ETEC vaccine candidate (VAC) to stimulate gut and systemic cellular immunity in 4-week old pigs over 5 weeks following immunization. The onset and duration of protective immunity against on-farm occurring PWD, growth performance, diarrhoea scoring and mortality, as well as the phenotypic proportions of immune cells, were determined. Faecal and ileal samples were taken for determining the microbial composition or phenotyping of naïve/memory T cells. Also, the effect of prebiotic supplement mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) in the prevention of small intestinal colonization by ETEC, and its potential adjuvanticity in combination with the vaccine (VAC+MOS) were assessed. The pigs supplemented with MOS or that received VAC had significantly higher body weight (BW) (P<0.05) on Day 14, whereas the VAC+MOS treated pigs had significantly lower BW on Day 35. Treatment with VAC+MOS resulted in considerably reduced clinical PWD, in particular the incidence and severity of diarrhoea and mortality. The total bacterial load in the ileum was much lower in the pigs from all 3 principal groups (MOS, VAC, and VAC+MOS) than in the control (CON) group (19 x 107, 17 x 107 and 12 x 107 vs. 23 x 108 CFU/mL, respectively) on Day 35. The pigs from the principal groups had significantly higher proportions of tested immune cells (P<0.05) on Days 28 and 35. The localization and frequency of naive CD45RA+ and memory CD45RC+ T lymphocytes indicated their different distribution patterns within particular tissue structures, such as the villi, crypts, epithelium, lamina propria and areas (interfollicular follicular and Peyer’s patches) of ileal mucosa. This may indicate their different functions in intestinal immune responses to intraluminal microbes and their products, vaccinal immunogens and/or immunomodulators/adjuvants. To conclude, active mucosal immunity is needed to protect pigs against PWD. Hence, oral vaccination of pigs against both F4 and F18 ETEC, in combination with prebiotic supplementation represents a sustainable, practical and effective approach in PWD control.Enterotoksigeni sojevi bakterije Escherichia coli (ETEC), koji proizvode F4 i F18 fimbrije, najuobičajeniji su uzročnici dijareje nakon odbića (DNO) u prasadi. Rastuće globalno ograničavanje uporabe antibiotika u farmskih životinja usmjeruje istraživanja prema razvijanju nutritivnih i prehrambenih strategija, kao i prema cijepljenju protiv DNO-a. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je vrednovanje učinkovitosti živog, oralnog F4ac+ F18ac+ ne-ETEC cjepiva-kandidata (VAK) u poticanju crijevne i sistemske stanične imunosti u prasadi u dobi od 4 tjedna, tijekom 5 tjedana nakon imunizacije. U pokusu su određivani početak i trajanje zaštitne imunosti od pojavnosti farmskog DNO-a, proizvodni rezultati, ocjenjivanje učestalosti i jačine dijareje te mortalitet i fenotipski udjeli imunosnih stanica. Uzimani su uzorci fecesa i ileuma za određivanje sastava mikrobiota ili za fenotipiziranje naivnih/memorijskih T-limfocita. Procijenjena je i učinkovitost prebiotika manan-oligosaharida (MOS), kao dodatka hrani, koji bi mogao uspostaviti kompetitivnu ekskluziju naseljavanja tankog crijeva sojevima ETEC, a mogao bi pokazati i adjuvantnost u testiranoj kombinaciji (VAK + MOS). Prasad hranjena dodatkom MOS-a u hrani, ili koja je primila VAK, imala je znakovito povećanu (P < 0,05) tjelesnu masu 14. dan pokusa, dok je prasad tretirana kombinacijom VAK-a i MOS-a imala znakovito nižu tjelesnu masu 35. dan pokusa. Tretman kombinacijom VAK-a i MOS-a rezultirao je znatno blažom kliničkom slikom DNO-a, napose u odnosu na pojavnost i jačinu dijareje te na mortalitet. Ukupno bakterijsko opterećenje u ileumu bilo je mnogo niže u prasadi iz sve tri pokusne skupine (MOS, VAK i VAK + MOS) od onog u kontrolnoj (KON) skupini (19 x 107, 17 x 107 i 12 x 107 prema 23 x 108 CFU/mL) 35. dan pokusa. Prasad iz pokusnih skupina imala je znakovito veće udjele testiranih imunosnih stanica (P < 0,05) 28. i 35. dan pokusa. Lokalizacija i učestalost naivnih CD45RA+ te memorijskih CD45RC+ T-limfocita pokazuju njihove različite obrasce smještanja u posebne tkivne strukture, kao što su crijevne resice, kripte, epitelij i lamina propria te područja u sluznici ileuma, što može specificirati njihove različite funkcije u crijevnim imunosnim odgovorima na intraluminalne mikrobe i njihove proizvode, vakcinalne imunogene i/ili imunomodulatore/adjuvanse. Zaključujemo da je radi zaštite prasadi od DNO-a nužno uspostaviti aktivnu mukoznu imunost. Stoga je oralno cijepljenje prasadi protiv F4 i F18 ETEC-a održiv, praktičan i učinkovit pristup u pronalaženju odgovarajućega bivalentnog, izrazito imunogenog i sigurnog cjepiva