Multivariate Control Charts for Attribute Data

In this paper the use of multivariate control charts for attribute data is proposed. These charts are based on chi-square statistics. Data from various categories can be summarized into a multivariate statistic, i.e., the chi-square statistic, and then the process can be monitored by plotting this statistic on a control chart. A numerical example is provided

Atmospheric Co2 And O3 Alter The Flow Of 15n In Developing Forest Ecosystems

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/116984/1/ecy200788102630.pd

Wood Burning and Creosote Buildup

For many years,wood was the prime source of heating the house and continues to be so in some parts of the world. In this country, we are beginning to see many individuals returning to wood burning--using it as an alternate heat source and even occasionally as a primary heat source. Heating with wood, however, is not for everyone. It is not as simple as heating with gas, oil or electricity. It is not as convenient to use because it requires a considerable amount of labor, a large storage area for the wood, more cleaning of the home, many more safety precautions, and acceptance of fluctuating room temperatures. With the development of efficient wood stoves and furnaces, creosote buildup in the chimney became more of a problem because the flue gas temperatures were lower due to more of the heat being put in the room rather than going up the chimney. Creosote clings firmly to the pipe and chimney walls, causing buildup of a very flammable material. When creosote deposits catch fire, the heat is very intense and can result in roof and house fires. Even if the burning creosote does not cause a fire from flying sparks or cracks in the chimney, it tends to weaken the chimney masonry or warp metal chimneys

Kerosene Heaters

Many families are buying supplemental space heating units in an attempt to use heat only where it is needed and thus lower the total heating bill. lf you turn down your central heat thermostat and place such a unit in a room where the family spends most of their waking hours, heating bills may be reduced. Such savings appear to be significant, but each family first needs to carefully consider the safety risks and their energy savings potential as well as the lifestyle changes that might be necessary

Elevated atmospheric CO 2 , fine roots and the response of soil microorganisms: a review and hypothesis

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/65243/1/j.1469-8137.2000.00687.x.pd

Simulated Atmospheric No3− Deposition Increases Soil Organic Matter By Slowing Decomposition

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/117243/1/eap20081882016.pd

Chemistry and decomposition of litter from Populus tremuloides Michaux grown at elevated atmospheric CO 2 and varying N availability

It has been hypothesized that greater production of total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) in foliage grown under elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) will result in higher concentrations of defensive compounds in tree leaf litter, possibly leading to reduced rates of decomposition and nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems of the future. To evaluate the effects of elevated atmospheric CO 2 on litter chemistry and decomposition, we performed a 111 day laboratory incubation with leaf litter of trembling aspen ( Populus tremuloides Michaux) produced at 36 Pa and 56 Pa CO 2 and two levels of soil nitrogen (N) availability. Decomposition was quantified as microbially respired CO 2 and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in soil solution, and concentrations of nonstructural carbohydrates, N, carbon (C), and condensed tannins were monitored throughout the incubation. Growth under elevated atmospheric CO 2 did not significantly affect initial litter concentrations of TNC, N, or condensed tannins. Rates of decomposition, measured as both microbially respired CO 2 and DOC did not differ between litter produced under ambient and elevated CO 2 . Total C lost from the samples was 38 mg g −1 litter as respired CO 2 and 138 mg g −1 litter as DOC, suggesting short-term pulses of dissolved C in soil solution are important components of the terrestrial C cycle. We conclude that litter chemistry and decomposition in trembling aspen are minimally affected by growth under higher concentrations of CO 2 .Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/75335/1/j.1365-2486.2001.00388.x.pd