An O ( n log n ) algorithm for the two-machine ow shop problem with controllable machine speeds

There appear to be some problems in defining direct marketing. Bauer and Miglautsch (1992) present direct marketing as a relational marketing process. According to Schofield (1995: 36), "Such a definition excludes much marketing work which employs individual direct marketing techniques on a pragmatic and eclectic basis, alongside nondirect marketing elements, and in which the use of such techniques is normally seen as direct marketing". He suggests that two definitions may be needed: a general, inclusive definition of direct marketing, e.g. the DMA-definition, which allows any use of any direct marketing technique to be recognized as an instance of direct marketing, and a definition of a direct marketing system, e.g. Bauer and Miglautsch''s definition, covering cases where a product or service is marketed exclusively by direct marketing methods (Schofield 1995: 37). This distinction suggests that several levels of direct marketing can be distinguished. The definition of direct marketing as proposed by Raaijmaakers et al. (1992) allows for distinguishing several levels of direct marketing without the need for more than one definition. They stress the importance of direct relationships and the specific use of marketing instruments. Based on their definition, four levels of direct marketing can be distinguished (Hoekstra 1994). Three of them concern strategic decisions and one is at the operational level (see table 1). These types cover the ever broadening field of direct marketing, including the direct marketing system as well as the use of direct marketing methods.marketing ;

Marketing orientation and strategies in the Netherlands

This paper introduces a general, formal treatment of dynamic constraints, i.e., constraints on the state changes that are allowed in a given state space. Such dynamic constraints can be seen as representations of "real world" constraints in a managerial context. The notions of transition, reversible and irreversible transition, and transition relation will be introduced. The link with Kripke models (for modal logics) is also made explicit. Several (subtle) examples of dynamic constraints will be given. Some important classes of dynamic constraints in a database context will be identified, e.g. various forms of cumulativity, non-decreasing values, constraints on initial and final values, life cycles, changing life cycles, and transition and constant dependencies. Several properties of these dependencies will be treated. For instance, it turns out that functional dependencies can be considered as "degenerated" transition dependencies. Also, the distinction between primary keys and alternate keys is reexamined, from a dynamic point of view.

Thriving through turbulence: Lessons from marketing academia and marketing practice

Economic, environmental, social and digital (r)evolutions have fundamentally transformed marketing theory and marketing practice. We are confronted with new concepts, methodologies, approaches and findings, and it is often difficult to see the wood from the trees. The aim of this paper is (1) to provide a coherent overview of recent developments, including the impact of the COVID-19 crisis, and the increasing attention paid to climate change, social inequality and, as a consequence, the need for sustainable consumption, (2) to link these developments to insights from academic research and responses of managers as cited in business journals, and (3) to elaborate on the marketing capabilities needed to survive in the current turbulent environment