Exploratory analysis of legal risk causes in tourism real estate projects in emerging economies: empirical study from Vietnam

Tourism real estate (TRE) projects have recently attracted authorities and investors because of the increasing travel demand. However, implementing TRE projects still poses many potential risks, especially legal risks, due to their distinctive and complex characteristics. This study is among the first attempts to investigate legal risks in TRE projects and the relationship between participants\u2019 characteristics and legal risk assessment. Accordingly, a comprehensive literature review was performed to identify potential risk factors possibly causing legal problems in TRE projects. Qualitative interviews were undertaken to validate this list and explore the current TRE status in Vietnam. A questionnaire survey was conducted to assess legal risks quantitatively. This study provided useful information of legal risks and corresponding assessments to practitioners. Especially, this study also revealed that participants\u2019 industry experience and legal problem knowledge positively affected legal risk cause assessment. Interestingly, although participants\u2019 roles influenced legal risk assessment, there was no moderating effect of project roles on the relationships of industry experience and legal problem knowledge with risk assessment. This study contributed to the extant literature by conducting empirical research to investigate legal risks in TRE projects. This could provide practitioners with more insights into legal risk management, thereby supporting TRE project development

Emission reduction opportunities in a rapidly growing economy:\ua0a case study of Ho Chi Minh City

Vietnam’s Green Growth Action Plan for the period 2014–2020 sets out an overall plan for the sustainable development of the country. One of the cornerstones of that plan is the development of a greenhouse gas inventory and emission reduction opportunity assessment for Ho Chi Minh City. This provides a basis for the roadmap towards green growth in Ho Chi Minh City, one of Vietnam’s largest cities. Marginal costs of 38 emission reduction measures were determined for two main economy sectors, namely energy (32 measures) and agriculture, forestry, and other land use (6 measures). From that analysis, a marginal abatement cost curve was compiled for the energy sector. The total emission reduction opportunities available in 2020 are estimated to be 8.97 million tCO2e, which represents a 14.7% reduction compared to business as usual. Even when the city only implements reduction measures with negative marginal costs (i.e., abatement that saves money), significant reductions of 5.25 MtCO2e (8.6% reduction compared to business as usual) would be achieved. There are significant similarities in abatement opportunities between Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi, Vietnam’s capital. The case study shows significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions can be achieved in fast-growing cities with an appropriate level of investment and government support