Examining the Role of HREs on the Regulation of Opioid Receptor Gene Expression in Neuronal Cells undergoing Hypoxic Mimic Condition

Hypoxia is a condition of inadequate oxygen supply, which can induce cell death. Using human neuronal cells treated with a hypoxia memetic compound, desferoxamine (DFO), a hypoxic cell model system was created. Our lab reported previously that treatment with DFO resulted in the decrease of cell viability. However, there were still surviving neurons. The surviving cells did not exhibit significant morphological changes, as compared to the control cells, under confocal microscopy analysis using annexin-V-FLUOS and propidium iodide staining, indicating that they were not at apoptotic or necrotic stages. These surviving neurons, therefore, developed adaptive responses under hypoxic challenge. Several changes were observed, including an increase of cellular glutathione level and the increase of hypoxia inducible factor 1-α (HIF-1α) mRNA level, a known marker of hypoxia, in surviving cells when compared to those of control cells. The increase of human kappa opioid receptor (hKOR) expression was also observed in surviving neurons when compared to the control cells. Clinically, opioids are used to modulate pain sensation, which can result from events such as stroke, trauma and cardiac arrest that lead to hypoxic conditions. There are 4 potential HIF response elements found in the 5’ upstream region of this gene. Two of the four elements have shown a significant increase of reporter activity in cells undergoing DFO-induced hypoxic conditions. To determine if these two elements displayed an interactive effect under hypoxic challenge, they were simultaneously cloned into a reporter plasmid containing the luciferase gene, and resulting plasmids were tested using NMB neuronal cells. Results showed a significant increase of promoter activity under hypoxic challenge. Mutation analysis further confirmed the important role of these elements. Taken together, this study showed the functional roles of two HIF response elements mediating the kappa opioid receptor expression under hypoxic condition

Hexámetros para Hippodamia. Notas textuales y comentarios a un Carmen epigraphicum de Apta Iulia (ILN IV,32)

En este trabajo se aborda la nueva edición y comentario de un extenso carmen Latinum epigraphicum (CLE) funerario, encontrado a mediados del siglo XX en las inmediaciones de Apt (Apta Iulia), fruto de una nueva revisión de los fragmentos conservados. Este nuevo acercamiento, que combina criterios epigráficos y filológicos, revela nuevos e interesantes datos acerca de la métrica del poema, su estilo compositivo y sus influencias literarias, que, a su vez, conducen a una datación diferente del epígrafe.In this paper we introduce a renewed edition of a funerary carmen Latinum epigraphicum (CLE), found in the middle of the XXth century near of the French city of Apt (ancient Apta Iulia), resulting from a new study of the preserved fragments. This new approach, which combines epigraphic and philological arguments, shows interesting details about its metrics, style and literary influences, and it is conducive to an also new dating of the piece.Proyecto i+D+I FFI2013-42725-PPrograma Formación de Profesorado Universitario EST15/0064

Un "carmen epigraphicum" en la exposición permanente del Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya

En el presente artículo se ofrece una nueva edición crítica y un comentario epigráfico-filológico de un carmen epigraphicum funerario de comienzos del siglo XIV que, procedente de la desaparecida iglesia de Santa María de Puigcerdá (Gerona), se expone en la exposición permanente de arte gótico del Museu Nacional d’Art de Catalunya (MNAC.)This paper presents a new critical edition and an epigraphic and philological commentary on a funerary carmen epigraphicum of the fourteenth century can be found in this paper. This composition comes from the Santa María de Puigcerdá Church (Girona), and it is located in the permanent exhibition of Gothic art at the Museu Nacional d’Art de Catalunya (MNAC.

Types of bilingual education in kindergarten: A comparison in 10 schools

"This thesis reports a qualitative comparative study of types of bilingual education in kindergarten. This study was carried out at ten kindergartens in Puebla which have a bilingual English- Spanish program. The main purpose of our research was to find the different types of bilingual education in order to discover which type fits your necessities if necessary. The research data were collected visiting ten kindergartens in Puebla. We asked principals and secretaries for information about how they taught English and some of the characteristics of each kindergarten. The research found than nine of the ten kindergarten used the two- way bilingual method and just one school teaches by total emersion method. Findings also revealed that this type of education is principally used for families which have a middle socioeconomic level. Another thing is that the average of students is minor than 20 which provides a better classroom control. Also we found that most of these schools have extra activities related to sports and art. Those activities are taken after the common schedule. More characteristics will be mention within this thesis"

Competencias interculturales en la empresa

The article introduces the topic of intercultural skills, which enable firms to have a more capable human resources to manage the organization in distributed environments. Four elements can explain the importance of intercultural skills development: globalization, multicultural company, the theory of resources and skills and capabilities / skills for intercultural. It highlights the changes in the firm to the dynamics posed by globalization, the use of resources and capabilities to gain a competitive advantage and differential, and the importance of supplementing the general skills with intercultural skills to take advantage of opportunities provided by environment that is increasingly globalized and multicultural. The article was based on the analytical method - synthetic in order to make clear that multicultural company operates in an increasingly globalized environment, hence it considers the resources and capabilities as a key element in the strategy and competitive advantage.El articulo presenta el tema de las competencias interculturales, las cuales permiten a las empresas contar con un recurso humano más capaz para gestionar la organización en entornos globalizados. Cuatro elementos permiten explicar la importancia del desarrollo de competencias interculturales: la globalización, la empresa multicultural, la teoría de los recursos y capacidades y, las competencias/capacidades para la interculturalidad. Se destacan los cambios en las organizaciones ante las dinámicas que plantea la globalización, el aprovechamiento de los recursos y capacidades para tener una ventaja competitiva y diferencial, así como la importancia de complementar las competencias generales con las competencias interculturales para aprovechar las oportunidades que brinda un entorno cada vez más globalizado y multicultural. El articulo se realizó a partir del método analítico sintético con el objetivo de hacer evidente que la empresa multicultural desarrolla sus actividades en un ambiente cada vez más globalizado, de ahí que considere los recursos y capacidades como elementos clave en la estrategia y la ventaja competitiva