La professionnalisation dans l’enseignement universitaire : un processus dialogique ?

National audienceProfessionalization in higher education in France is the subject of many debates about the goals and purposes of university degrees. This leads to a wide range of plans and actions, but the mechanisms behind have rarely been studied. After reviewing the questions raised by the main scientific approaches dealing with professionalization, this article analyses how it is implemented for professional bachelor degrees and what professors and programme directors think of, and do about it. Drawing on theory of activity - and in particular directed activity -, our conclusions emphasize the "dialogical universe" of activities, from course design to evaluation. In the same way, most of the activities offered to the students are designed in order to encourage them to analyse situations from different points of views. Professionalization can therefore be regarded as a dialogical process.La professionnalisation des études supérieures constitue, en France, l’objet d’un débat sur les finalités des cursus. Elle se met en place au travers d’un éventail de dispositifs mais alimente encore peu de travaux de recherche lorsqu’il s’agit d’en étudier les processus. Après une revue de questions portant sur les principales approches scientifiques de la professionnalisation, cet article analyse la mise en œuvre de la professionnalisation dans les licences professionnelles, telle que conçue et réalisée par les concepteurs et responsables pédagogiques de ces diplômes. Lus au moyen du modèle de l’activité dirigée, les résultats mettent en évidence l’ « univers dialogique » qui trame toutes les activités des responsables des formations, depuis la conception de la formation jusqu’à l’évaluation finale. En écho, les activités proposées aux étudiants visent pour beaucoup d’entre elles à leur permettre de multiplier les points de vue sur les situations rencontrées. La professionnalisation peut ainsi s’entendre comme un processus dialogique

La vie des mots en analyse du travail

Les méthodes d’analyse du travail relevant de la clinique de l’activité engagent les professionnels dans une confrontation aux traces vidéo des actions réalisées. Ce dispositif se veut développemental en tant qu’il ouvre potentiellement des voies pour penser/dire/agir autrement dans le quotidien de l’activité. Dans le cadre de cet article on prend appui sur des données extraites d’une intervention s’inscrivant dans cette orientation méthodologique, conduite avec des acteurs de la Validation des Acquis de l’Expérience. On ouvre une piste dans l’étude du processus langagier créatif en décrivant avec précision l’impact de la reprise des mots du professionnel par le chercheur. Le concept d’hétérogénéité est mobilisé, à partir de Bakhtine, pour comprendre comment les mots se désolidarisent des significations et des objets auxquels ils étaient attachés ouvrant ainsi la voie à de possibles objectivations nouvelles.Work analysis methods in “Clinic of Activity” involve professionals in confrontation with films of their real action. This method aims at creating development by opening up new ways of thinking, telling and acting in daily activity. Here, from datas got with such methods, about validation of experience work, we study the creative linguistic process by describing precisely results when searcher repetes professionnal’s words.We use the concept of heterogeneousness, from Bakhtine, for understanding how words separate from meanings and things they were linked with, opening then new possible objectivations.Los métodos de análisis del trabajo que dan cuenta de la clínica de la actividad comprometen a los profesionales a una confrontación con las huellas que deja la filmación de las acciones realizadas. Este dispositivo resulta evolutivo en la medida que, potencialmente, abre caminos para pensar/decir/actuar la actividad cotidiana en forma diferente. En el marco de este artículo, los datos extraídos de una intervención se apoyan en esta orientación metodológíca desarrollada con los actores de la Validación de lo Adquirido a partir de la Experiencia. A partir del estudio del proceso lingüístico creativo se abre una pista que permite describir con precisión el impacto que produce retomar las palabras del profesional por parte del investigador. Se utiliza el concepto de heterogeneidad de Bajtín, para comprender cómo las palabras se desolidarizan de las significaciones y de los objetos a los cuales estaban asociados, abriendo de esta forma a posibles nuevas objetivaciones

Antimalarial drug use in general populations of tropical Africa

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The burden of <it>Plasmodium falciparum </it>malaria has worsened because of the emergence of chloroquine resistance. Antimalarial drug use and drug pressure are critical factors contributing to the selection and spread of resistance. The present study explores the geographical, socio-economic and behavioural factors associated with the use of antimalarial drugs in Africa.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The presence of chloroquine (CQ), pyrimethamine (PYR) and other antimalarial drugs has been evaluated by immuno-capture and high-performance liquid chromatography in the urine samples of 3,052 children (2–9 y), randomly drawn in 2003 from the general populations at 30 sites in Senegal (10), Burkina-Faso (10) and Cameroon (10). Questionnaires have been administered to the parents of sampled children and to a random sample of households in each site. The presence of CQ in urine was analysed as dependent variable according to individual and site characteristics using a random – effect logistic regression model to take into account the interdependency of observations made within the same site.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>According to the sites, the prevalence rates of CQ and PYR ranged from 9% to 91% and from 0% to 21%, respectively. In multivariate analysis, the presence of CQ in urine was significantly associated with a history of fever during the three days preceding urine sampling (OR = 1.22, p = 0.043), socio-economic level of the population of the sites (OR = 2.74, p = 0.029), age (2–5 y = reference level; 6–9 y OR = 0.76, p = 0.002), prevalence of anti-circumsporozoite protein (CSP) antibodies (low prevalence: reference level; intermediate level OR = 2.47, p = 0.023), proportion of inhabitants who lived in another site one year before (OR = 2.53, p = 0.003), and duration to reach the nearest tarmacked road (duration less than one hour = reference level, duration equal to or more than one hour OR = 0.49, p = 0.019).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Antimalarial drug pressure varied considerably from one site to another. It was significantly higher in areas with intermediate malaria transmission level and in the most accessible sites. Thus, <it>P. falciparum </it>strains arriving in cross-road sites or in areas with intermediate malaria transmission are exposed to higher drug pressure, which could favour the selection and the spread of drug resistance.</p

Metabolic changes in concussed American football players during the acute and chronic post-injury phases

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Despite negative neuroimaging findings many athletes display neurophysiological alterations and post-concussion symptoms that may be attributable to neurometabolic alterations.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The present study investigated the effects of sports concussion on brain metabolism using ¹H-MR Spectroscopy by comparing a group of 10 non-concussed athletes with a group of 10 concussed athletes of the same age (mean: 22.5 years) and education (mean: 16 years) within both the acute and chronic post-injury phases. All athletes were scanned 1-6 days post-concussion and again 6-months later in a 3T Siemens MRI.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Concussed athletes demonstrated neurometabolic impairment in prefrontal and motor (M1) cortices in the acute phase where NAA:Cr levels remained depressed relative to controls. There was some recovery observed in the chronic phase where Glu:Cr levels returned to those of control athletes; however, there was a pathological increase of m-I:Cr levels in M1 that was only present in the chronic phase.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>These results confirm cortical neurometabolic changes in the acute post-concussion phase as well as recovery and continued metabolic abnormalities in the chronic phase. The results indicate that complex pathophysiological processes differ depending on the post-injury phase and the neurometabolite in question.</p

MuscleMap: An Open-Source, Community-Supported Consortium for Whole-Body Quantitative MRI of Muscle

Disorders affecting the neurological and musculoskeletal systems represent international health priorities. A significant impediment to progress in trials of new therapies is the absence of responsive, objective, and valid outcome measures sensitive to early disease changes. A key finding in individuals with neuromuscular and musculoskeletal disorders is the compositional changes to muscles, evinced by the expression of fatty infiltrates. Quantification of skeletal muscle composition by MRI has emerged as a sensitive marker for the severity of these disorders; however, little is known about the composition of healthy muscles across the lifespan. Knowledge of what is ‘typical’ age-related muscle composition is essential to accurately identify and evaluate what is ‘atypical’. This innovative project, known as the MuscleMap, will achieve the first important steps towards establishing a world-first, normative reference MRI dataset of skeletal muscle composition with the potential to provide valuable insights into various diseases and disorders, ultimately improving patient care and advancing research in the field

L’alternance mise en œuvre par les enseignants universitaires : le paradoxe de la coupure et du lien dans les licences professionnelles

International audienc

L’alternance mise en œuvre par les enseignants universitaires : le paradoxe de la coupure et du lien dans les licences professionnelles

Dans le cas particulier des licences professionnelles, cet article investigue les effets de la mise en œuvre de l’alternance sur les processus pédagogiques universitaires. Les entretiens réalisés avec les enseignants, qui constituent la source des données, mettent en exergue les rapports entre université et milieu professionnel. L’analyse fine des discours montre la dimension paradoxale de ces rapports, faite de « coupure et de lien », et ses réalisations diverses : si la visée d’insertion des étudiants constitue un lien entre les enseignants universitaires et les milieux professionnels, la régulation des rythmes entre les deux espaces en revanche fait tension. L’évaluation des acquis des étudiants s’inscrit pour sa part nettement dans ce qui fait coupure.Focusing on vocational bachelor’s degrees, this article explores how university education processes are affected by the implementation of work-linked training. Interviews with teachers highlight relationships between universities and companies. Discourse analysis shows up the paradox between “linkage and separation” and how it is achieved: while the purpose of integrating students is to establish a connection between university teachers and the workplace, setting timetables for each strains this relationship. The assessment of students’ learning clearly creates a separation

Professionnalisation, compétences et enseignement supérieur : une conception développementale

International audienc

La vie des mots en analyse du travail

Work analysis methods in “Clinic of Activity” involve professionals in confrontation with films of their real action. This method aims at creating development by opening up new ways of thinking, telling and acting in daily activity. Here, from datas got with such methods, about validation of experience work, we study the creative linguistic process by describing precisely results when searcher repetes professionnal’s words.We use the concept of heterogeneousness, from Bakhtine, for understanding how words separate from meanings and things they were linked with, opening then new possible objectivations