Design of a Computer Code To Evaluate the Influence of the Harmonics in the Electrical Networks

This paper aims to present the design of a computer code (HPFCODE), forcalculate a power flow and power losses in power systems under theinfluence of harmonics, using the GUI in MATLAB. After described theprogram was run for two networks IEEE 6 nodes and IEEE 14 nodes. Thepower flow by Newton-Raphson method was calculated as the losses ofactive and reactive power in the lines, respectively, where the loads arelinear and nonlinear (Static Var Compensator(SVC), Thyristor controlledReactor(TCR), and Unified Power Flow Controller ((UPFC)), The resultswere almost consistent and show the influence of higher harmonics onpower losses in electrical networks.DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v2i5.146

Hydrographic network extraction and watersheds delimitation software of the South Oran (North Wester Algeria)

The development of space technology has allowed a better understanding and effective use of water resources through the use of Digital Terrain Models (DTM) Mapping the river system from DTM has two objectives, namely identifying first topography  descriptors like hills, ridges and valleys of watersheds and second hydrological parameters to map areas of runoff recovery for a more efficient development and also a better representation of the actual land occupation. Our work is part of a methodological approach to satellite imagery processing and mapping of topographic and hydrographic parameters of watersheds. Thus, from DTM one was able to extract the full river system of the region. The results show a remarkable evolution of human activities and  especially in areas of high water recovery capacity.Keywords: remote sensing, DTM, network hydrology, geographic, steppe, west of  Algeria

Power System Stabilizer Driven by an Adaptive Fuzzy Set for Better Dynamic Performance

This paper presents a novel application of a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) driven by an adaptive fuzzy set (AFS) for a power system stabilizer (PSS).The proposed FLC, driven by AFS, is compared with a classical FLC, driven by a fixed fuzzy set (FFS). Both FLC algorithms use the speed error and its rate of change as input vectors. A single generator equipped with FLC-PSS and connected to an infinite bus bar through double transmission lines is considered. Both FLCs, using AFS and FFS, are simulated and tested when the system is subjected to different step changes in the reference value. The simulation results of the proposed FLC, using the adaptive fuzzy set, give a better dynamic response of the overall system by improving the damping coefficient and decreasing the rise time and settling time compared with classical FLC using FFS. The proposed FLC using AFS also reduces the computational time of the FLC as the number of rules is reduced.

Water Salinity Impacts on Some Soil Properties and Nutrients Uptake by Wheat Plants in Sandy and Calcareous Soil

S and S , respectively. Results concluded that, the lower germination percentage and rate in calcareous soil at any salinity level compared to sandy soil. and also, decreased the mean daily germination in both soils. Soil salinity increased as a result of increasing salinity levels of irrigation water. Easily available 1 4 water were negatively correlated with increasing water salinity from S to S , especially in case of calcareous soil. Same trend was observed in case of soluble cations and anions; especially Na which increased by 121, 285, 610 % and 94, 267, 531 % for S , S and S relative to the control, for sandy and 3 calcareous soils, respectively. The higher N, P uptake were attained in calcareous soil under (S ) while, the lowest were found in sandy soil under higher water salinity levels indicating the resistibility of Sakha 8 as wheat cultivar to salinity level up to 6.60 dSm . Substantial decrease of K:Na ratio of wheat was found grain yield by 23 %, while to 16 % reduction is found in calcareous soil. The yield reduction increases by increasing salinity of irrigation water and reaches its maximum at 8.86 dSm salinity level. Grain yield, -1 was highly significant negative correlated with hardly available water, water salinity and soil EC, while the relations were highly positive with easily available water

Sustained axon regeneration induced by co-deletion of PTEN and SOCS3

A formidable challenge in neural repair in the adult central nervous system (CNS) is the long distances that regenerating axons often need to travel in order to reconnect with their targets. Thus, a sustained capacity for axon regeneration is critical for achieving functional restoration. Although deletion of either phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN), a negative regulator of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), or suppressor of cytokine signalling 3 (SOCS3), a negative regulator of Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway, in adult retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) individually promoted significant optic nerve regeneration, such regrowth tapered off around 2 weeks after the crush injury. Here we show that, remarkably, simultaneous deletion of both PTEN and SOCS3 enables robust and sustained axon regeneration. We further show that PTEN and SOCS3 regulate two independent pathways that act synergistically to promote enhanced axon regeneration. Gene expression analyses suggest that double deletion not only results in the induction of many growth-related genes, but also allows RGCs to maintain the expression of a repertoire of genes at the physiological level after injury. Our results reveal concurrent activation of mTOR and STAT3 pathways as key for sustaining long-distance axon regeneration in adult CNS, a crucial step towards functional recovery

Neutrophil depletion reduces edema formation and tissue loss following traumatic brain injury in mice

Background: Brain edema as a result of secondary injury following traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major clinical concern. Neutrophils are known to cause increased vascular permeability leading to edema formation in peripheral tissue, but their role in the pathology following TBI remains unclear. Methods: In this study we used controlled cortical impact (CCI) as a model for TBI and investigated the role of neutrophils in the response to injury. The outcome of mice that were depleted of neutrophils using an anti-Gr-1 antibody was compared to that in mice with intact neutrophil count. The effect of neutrophil depletion on blood-brain barrier function was assessed by Evan's blue dye extravasation, and analysis of brain water content was used as a measurement of brain edema formation (24 and 48 hours after CCI). Lesion volume was measured 7 and 14 days after CCI. Immunohistochemistry was used to assess cell death, using a marker for cleaved caspase-3 at 24 hours after injury, and microglial/macrophage activation 7 days after CCI. Data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney test for non-parametric data. Results: Neutrophil depletion did not significantly affect Evan's blue extravasation at any time-point after CCI. However, neutrophil-depleted mice exhibited a decreased water content both at 24 and 48 hours after CCI indicating reduced edema formation. Furthermore, brain tissue loss was attenuated in neutropenic mice at 7 and 14 days after injury. Additionally, these mice had a significantly reduced number of activated microglia/macrophages 7 days after CCI, and of cleaved caspase-3 positive cells 24 h after injury. Conclusion: Our results suggest that neutrophils are involved in the edema formation, but not the extravasation of large proteins, as well as contributing to cell death and tissue loss following TBI in mice

Selectivity control in Pt-catalyzed cinnamaldehyde hydrogenation

Chemoselectivity is a cornerstone of catalysis, permitting the targeted modification of specific functional groups within complex starting materials. Here we elucidate key structural and electronic factors controlling the liquid phase hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde and related benzylic aldehydes over Pt nanoparticles. Mechanistic insight from kinetic mapping reveals cinnamaldehyde hydrogenation is structure-insensitive over metallic platinum, proceeding with a common Turnover Frequency independent of precursor, particle size or support architecture. In contrast, selectivity to the desired cinnamyl alcohol product is highly structure sensitive, with large nanoparticles and high hydrogen pressures favoring C=O over C=C hydrogenation, attributed to molecular surface crowding and suppression of sterically-demanding adsorption modes. In situ vibrational spectroscopies highlight the role of support polarity in enhancing C=O hydrogenation (through cinnamaldehyde reorientation), a general phenomenon extending to alkyl-substituted benzaldehydes. Tuning nanoparticle size and support polarity affords a flexible means to control the chemoselective hydrogenation of aromatic aldehydes