10,287 research outputs found
Theories of truth for countable languages which conform to classical logic
Every countable language which conforms to classical logic is shown to have an extension which has a consistent definitional theory of truth. That extension has a consistent semantical theory of truth, if every sentence of the object language is valuated by its meaning either as true or as false. These theories contain both a truth predicate and a non-truth predicate. Theories are equivalent when sentences of the object lqanguage are valuated by their meanings
Thermalization of hot electrons via interfacial electron-magnon interaction
Recent work on layered structures of superconductors (S) or normal metals (N)
in contact with ferromagnetic insulators (FI) has shown how the properties of
the previous can be strongly affected by the magnetic proximity effect due to
the static FI magnetization. Here we show that such structures can also exhibit
a new electron thermalization mechanism due to the coupling of electrons with
the dynamic magnetization, i.e., magnons in FI. We here study the heat flow
between the two systems and find that in thin films the heat conductance due to
the interfacial electron-magnon collisions can dominate over the well-known
electron-phonon coupling below a certain characteristic temperature that can be
straightforwardly reached with present-day experiments. We also study the role
of the magnon band gap and the induced spin-splitting field induced in S on the
resulting heat conductance and show that heat balance experiments can reveal
information about such quantities in a way quite different from typical magnon
spectroscopy experiments
History and future lines of urbanization process in Finland
Urbanization began in Finland relatively late by comparison with other European countries, but the process has taken place all the more rapidly. The population has concentrated to the southern part of Finland and there are nowadays only few growth centres. The purpose of this paper is to examine the process of urbanization over a long time span and light up the different scenarios of future population distribution. The number of cities and towns in Finland increased by 57 % between 1950 and 1998, but one notable feature of these cities and towns is their small size in terms of population, 86 % of them having less than 50 000 inhabitants and only 6 of them exceeding 100 000 inhabitants in 1998. According to forecasts the population will concentrate still in future in Finland. The proportion of people who are living in the built-up areas will be 84 % in 2005. Finland`s development is 15 years behind Sweden: Sweden reached this figure already in 1990. The population of the rural areas will continue to decrease in future. Population of Helsinki will grow up to 2020 by almost 68 000 persons. The population level will be then 611 361 inhabitants.
Searching for degenerate Higgs bosons - A profile likelihood ratio method to test for mass-degenerate states in the presence of incomplete data and uncertainties
Using the likelihood ratio test statistic, we present a method which can be
employed to test the hypothesis of a single Higgs boson using the matrix of
measured signal strengths. This method can be applied in the presence of
incomplete data and takes into account uncertainties on the measurements. The
p-value against the hypothesis of a single Higgs boson is defined from the
expected distribution of the test statistic, generated using
pseudo-experiments. The applicability of the likelihood-based test is
demonstrated using numerical examples with uncertainties and missing matrix
elements
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