Advanced Routing Algorithms for General Purpose Photonic Processors

Cost-effective and programmable photonic-driven solutions like electronic counterparts (FPGAs) can be implemented using waveguide mesh architectures along with tunable couplers for routing to implement general-purpose photonic processors. These processors/ networks are represented using undirected weighted graphs, where weights are included to implement constraints in the routing. Faster automated routing and cycle finding algorithms are crucial for dynamic path allocations in live networks to implement various functionalities using these processors. We propose path and cycle finding algorithms based on bidirectional and depth-first search techniques, considering various performance metrics for each device to optimize the path according to the required metric. Multiple cases of path distribution and implementation of cycles of various sizes have been demonstrated. Various methods to eliminate the non-functioning or malfunctioning units are proposed. The broad applicability of the proposed path-finding algorithm has been demonstrated using the same algorithm to create a list of all the possible input-output combinations in a 4*4 photonic switching network. A comparison of available search algorithms in terms of execution time and complexity has been described

VANCOMYCIN INTERMEDIATE AND VANCOMYCIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS – MECHANISMS, CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE AND DETECTION

Vancomycin is used as the antibiotic of choice for severe infection caused by methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Increased use of vancomycin and the selective pressure has resulted in the emergence of S.aureus with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin and vancomycin resistant S.aureus. This review summarizes the definition, mechanism, clinical significance and epidemiology of S.aureus with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin. It also discusses laboratory methods for detection and treatment options available for these pathogens

The Quantum Internet: A Hardware Review

In the century following its discovery, applications for quantum physics are opening a new world of technological possibilities. With the current decade witnessing quantum supremacy, quantum technologies are already starting to change the ways information is generated, transmitted, stored and processed. The next major milestone in quantum technology is already rapidly emerging -- the quantum internet. Since light is the most logical candidate for quantum communication, quantum photonics is a critical enabling technology. This paper reviews the hardware aspects of the quantum internet, mainly from a photonics perspective. Though a plethora of quantum technologies and devices have emerged in recent years, we are more focused on devices or components that may enable the quantum internet. Our approach is primarily qualitative, providing a broad overview of the necessary technologies for a large-scale quantum internet.Comment: 38 pages, 1 tabl

Integrated Photonic Platforms for Quantum Technology: A Review

Quantum information processing has conceptually changed the way we process and transmit information. Quantum physics, which explains the strange behaviour of matter at the microscopic dimensions, has matured into a quantum technology that can harness this strange behaviour for technological applications with far-reaching consequences, which uses quantum bits (qubits) for information processing. Experiments suggest that photons are the most successful candidates for realising qubits, which indicates that integrated photonic platforms will play a crucial role in realising quantum technology. This paper surveys the various photonic platforms based on different materials for quantum information processing. The future of this technology depends on the successful materials that can be used to universally realise quantum devices, similar to silicon, which shaped the industry towards the end of the last century. Though a prediction is implausible at this point, we provide an overview of the current status of research on the platforms based on various materials.Comment: 48 pages, 3 figure

Single-pulse chemical shock tube for ignition delay measurements

We describe a single-pulse chemical shock tube CST2 established for measuring the reaction rate of chemical reactions and ignition delay for fuels at high temperature along with the procedure for its calibration. The suitability of the facility for measuring the ignition delay is demonstrated by measuring the ignition delay for the ethane-oxygen gas mixture in the temperature range 1250-1611 K by recording the ignition-induced pressure jump and emission from CH radical simultaneously. The results obtained in the present study compare well with the earlier reported values

A Scientific view and analysis of theatre art Yakshagana

Many of the Indian performing arts have deep scientific/engineering aspects involved in it without being recognised or studied. Yakshagana is one of such arts being performed in coastal districts of Karnataka and has a history of more than 500 years. Yakshagana is a team, multidisciplinary art involving classical music, percussions, dance, dialogue, comedy, costumes, scholarly discussions etc. This article discusses the components/parameters of Yakshagana art form in scientific and engineering perspective and, attempted to formulate mathematical equations for better understanding of the art execution, artist’s capacity and overall performance. Empirical mathematical relations are formulated to estimate the performance index to grade the quality of the overall performance of the day. As the art is an “all-in-one” art performance, it is represented using a Venn diagram. Four main components of Yakshagana and the importance of the coordination between them for successful and high quality performance are discussed in scientific perspective. We hope that the present study will open up further scientific research on long duration performing Indian traditional art forms

Liquid-crystal display as a spectral selector for visible spectrometers

The polarization properties of a twisted nematic liquid crystal display (TNLCD) are studied experimentally with the aim of using it as a wavelength selector. The output of a white LED is split into its constituent wavelengths with a resolution of 2-5 nm in proportion to a voltage applied to the TNLCD. The feasibility of employing the display as a wavelength selector in visible spectrometers is demonstrated. A simple inexpensive design of a spectrometer built around an LED and a TNLCD is suggested

Reversible photobleaching of bacteriorhodopsin molecules exposed to 570 mn laser light

The phenomenon of reversible photobleaching in bacteriorhodopsin (BR) molecules exposed to 570 nm laser is presented. Creation of non-absorbing molecules in the bleached state is analysed theoretically using a simple theoretical model based on the excited-state absorption process. The analysis helps in ascertaining the percentage of molecules in the bleached state in the BR-based memory devices at any given time. The theory provides a bleaching parameter quantifying the number of photons the BR molecules can absorb before they reach a bleached state