Business models in the shared electric mobility field: A market overview towards electric Mobility as a Service (eMaaS)

In response to the increasing demand for shared mobility and multimodal passenger transport services, new mobility concepts such as Mobility as a Service (MaaS) and electric Mobility as a Service (eMaaS) are becoming commonplace. However, in order for new MaaS and eMaaS providers to become competitive, innovative business models (BMs) and effective market strategies are needed. This paper presents a market analysis of 229 existing providers and mobile apps within the Shared Electric Mobility (SEM) field. The goal of the analysis presented in this paper is to provide an overview of both the current BMs used in practice and the state of the market for MaaS and eMaaS endeavours. The results of the analysis determine which are the strengths of the key players within the SEM market, and how the core characteristics of their BMs can contribute to the further development of eMaaS

Introducing Time-to-Educate in a Job Search Model

Transition patterns from school to work differ considerably across OECD countries. Some countries exhibit high youth unemployment rates, which can be considered an indicator of the difficulty facing young people trying to integrate into the labor market. At the same time, education is a time-consuming process, and enrolment and dropout decisions depend on expected duration of studies, as well as on job prospects with and without completed degrees. One way to model entry into the labor market is by means of job search models, where the job arrival hazard is a key parameter in capturing the ease or difficulty in finding a job. Standard models of job search and education assume that skills can be upgraded instantaneously (and mostly in the form of on-the-job training) at a fixed cost. This paper models education as a time-consuming process, a concept which we call time-to-educate, during which an individual faces the trade-off between continuing education and taking up a job

COMBOS: communicating behavior of systems: incorporating simulations in conceptual system design

Understanding the behavior of a system during its design is currently one of the greatest challenges in systems engineering. These systems, for example interventional X-ray scanners, cars or spacecraft, can operate in many different modes, in a plethora of environments and with various goals. Simply said, the behavior of a system has become increasingly complex. Obtaining insight in what kind of behavior is desired and which behavior should be avoided is an important part of the development process. This is done by employing tools such as models and simulations that are able to characterize the behavior of a system. However, this is only one piece of the puzzle. As tools are used to gain insight in the system’s behavior, the next step is to share and discuss these insights across a large group of stakeholders from multiple disciplines. This is why supporting communication of system behavior in an effective manner is crucial.\ud The research presented in this thesis emphasizes the need for this support, explores how this support can be realized in two real-life case studies, presents the COMBOS method to achieve this consistently and evaluates the COMBOS method through examples and discussion

Effectiveness of financial incentives for stimulating BEV uptake

This paper gives a unique insight in the effectiveness of BEV (Battery Electric Vehicle) incentives in multiple European countries. An area of interest is the chronology of the introduction of different EV incentives, where the relation between EV uptake and incentives has been studied, analyzed and compared. The second focus area is on translating the different incentives into the real benefit for the user/owner in terms of purchase price and Total-Cost-of-Ownership of BEVs compared to conventional powered vehicles. Also the availability of EV models has been identified as a crucial boundary condition in the success of BEV uptake and therefore the expected BEVs which will come to the market have been analyze

Creating effective MaaS systems: Using a systems engineering approach to design an open (e)MaaS architecture

In order to combat various sustainability challenges in mobility, the concept of Mobility as a Service (MaaS) seems a promising direction. To ensure that MaaS can be embedded into our society, an appropriate foundation on which a thriving MaaS ecosystem can develop itself needs to be established. This paper presents the use of a Systems Engineering approach to design a MaaS system architecture that can provide this foundation. We elaborate on two example cases to demonstrate and evaluate this approach. The first case comprises an overall architectural design for a MaaS system focusing on a functional decomposition, whereas the second case provides a functional design of an Application Programing Interface (API) for communication between MaaS Provider and Transport Operator. In the end, it is concluded that a systems approach can be beneficial to establish an effective MaaS ecosystem

Painting the EV incentive landscape: A review and visualization of how EV incentives are affecting EV uptake

The transition to electric mobility is in full swing. Governments, at local, national and transnational levels are aiming to support and encourage this transition by applying a plethora of incentives, subsidies and other policy measures. This work reviews the current state-of-the-art and practice of these incentives through an extensive analysis of reported policy applications and effectiveness. 17 publications were reviewed that report an evaluation of in total 53 incentives. As a next step, these incentives are linked to a first version of a relational model of factors influencing EV uptake. Combining incentives and EV uptake factors into one single overview supports policy makers and other stakeholders in assessing the applicability, desirability and effectiveness of potential future incentives and increases understanding of the electric mobility eco-system