16 research outputs found
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Synopses of R and D in geothermal-geochemical engineering at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 1976-1980
Research is summarized on the following: geothermal field test apparatus; brine acidification as a means of scale control at the Salton Sea Geothermal Field; tests of seeding and other chemical methods for the control of scale at the Salton Sea Geothermal Field; tests of proprietary organic additives for the control of scale at the Salton Sea Geothermal Field; tests of generic organic compounds for control of scale at Salton Sea Geothermal Field; studies of the dissolution of geothermal scale; chemical measurement developments; chemical modeling of geothermal systems; processing of geothermal brine effluents for injection; hydrogen sulfide abatement using geothermal brine effluents; use of surface waters to supplement injection at the Salton Sea Geothermal Field; and measurement of injectability of geothermal brines. (MHR
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Using surface waters for supplementing injection at the Salton Sea Geothermal Field (SSGF), Southern California
The flash-steam conversion cycle is most suitable for electric power production at the SSGF. However, large-scale development of the SSGF may require use of makeup water supplements to injected brine for a viable reservoir pressure maintenance program. Since steam condensate will probably be required to satisfy power plant cooling needs, local surface waters have been evaluated for their potential use as sources of injection makeup. It was found that direct injection of untreated makeup water is not feasible because of high suspended solids loading and potential incompatability problems. However, mixtures of ambient temperature makeup water and higher temperature (80 to 90/sup 0/C) brine effluent, in a 1:4 mass ratio, are potentially injectable following processing by reaction clarification and granular media filtration
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Progress and future directions in chemical methods for the control of scale at the Salton Sea Geothermal Field
Using a pilot-sized brine handling system at the Salton Sea Geothermal Field, a series of field tests have been conducted in which various chemical compounds were examined as possible scale control agents. Results of these tests are mentioned with reference to publications on them. (MHR
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General Chemistry Division quarterly report, January--March 1977
Reported are: development of analytical capabilities of a submillimeter spectrometer; improved minimum detectibility of laser-induced molecular fluorescence; use of laser photoionization sources for analytical mass spectrometry; photoacoustic spectroscopy of solids; development of time-resolved spectroscopy for multicomponent mixtures; excited-state reactions of Ba/sup +/ + N/sub 2/O ..-->.. BaO +N/sub 2/; development of an ion-cyclotron-resonance spectrometer; development of glow-discharge multielement analytical systems; analysis of deposits on exploding gold bridgeware detonators; results of /sup 13/C-NMR study of toluene-2,4-diisocyanate polymers; analysis of 1,6-hexanediamine and 1,3-dipiperiodylpropane; studies of discrepancies between chromatographic and mass spectrometric data. (JRD
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General Chemistry Division quarterly report, July--September 1977
Analytical research and development work is reported on multielement analysis, time-resolved spectroscopy, fluorescence analysis, ionization potential of NP, excited state chemistry, polarized x ray sources, potentiometric titration of Na, determination of TATB in DMSO, determination of nitrobenzene in TATB, analysis of explosive composites, mass spectrometer automation, mass spectra calculation, solids formation in geothermal brine, water quality laboratory automation, aerosol coagulation, and multiple-gas analyzers. (JRD
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Recovery of platinum from concentrated sodium chloride brine by electrodeposition on vitreous carbon
The voltammetric characteristics of Pt(II) and Pt(IV) have been examined at a vitreous carbon electrode in slightly acidic 3M (approx. 15 wt %) NaCl solutions. Pt(IV) is reduced to Pt(II) at approx. 0 V and Pt(II) is reduced to Pt(0) at approx. -0.5 V vs Ag-AgCl. The rate of deposition of platinum metal at -0.5 V is very low on bare carbon, but increases as the coverage of platinum increases. The potential at which hydrogen is evolved in this medium is approx. -0.85 V. A technique has been tested for the removal of sub-part-per-million levels of platinum from the high-salinity brine by controlled-potential electrolysis using a reticulated, vitreous-carbon, flow-through electrode. However, at control potentials negative enough to begin to electrodeposit the platinum at a significant rate, simultaneous reduction of hydrogen ion reduces the current and energy efficiency to an unacceptable level
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Field electrochemical measurements of corrosion characteristics of materials in hypersaline geothermal brine
A flow cell (with appropriate accessories) was developed for use in short-term testing of the corrosion behavior of materials in approximately 100{sup 0}C, hypersaline geothermal brine. The apparatus was designed to accommodate commercial (Petrolite) corrosion measurement equipment and conducted experiments on-line at the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory Test Station in the Salton Sea Geothermal Field. The apparatus also permitted direct readings of corrosion potentials, solution redox potential (E{sub h}), brine flow rate, pH, and temperature. Estimates of general corrosion rates were obtained by the linear polarization resistance technique and from measurements of complete potentiodynamic polarization curves. The latter also afforded predictions of pitting susceptibilities of active-passive type materials. Twenty-two alloys (with various heat treatments) were tested and readily grouped according to general corrosion resistances in acidified hypersaline (approximately 4 M chloride) brine. Especially promising in regard to corrosion resistance-vs-cost is the series of low Cr--Mo steels. Prescaling of materials in unacidified (pH approximately 5.7) brine prior to exposure to acidified (pH 2 to 4.5) brine was found to be beneficial in reducing corrosion rates at 100{sup 0}C
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Studies of the dissolution of geothermal scale
Samples of geothermal scale formed from Magmamax No. 1 and Woolsey No. 1 wells in the Imperial Valley, Calif., were exposed to concentrated and dilute solutions of common laboratory reagents. The time of exposure and temperature of the reagent were also varied. Several reagents easily dissolved significant amounts of the scale. An in situ test was performed with marginal success
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Test of a magnetic device for the amelioration of scale formation at Treatment Facility D
A commercial device (Descal-A-Matic{reg_sign}, Norfolk, VA) designed to treat water by means of a magnetic field has been evaluated for its effect on the formation of calcite scale at LLNL Treatment Facility D. At this facility, volatile organic contaminants (VOCs) are removed by air stripping, which raises the water pH, causing the deposition of calcium carbonate as calcite scale downstream. To evaluate the magnetic treatment technique, the ground water was passed through the Descal-A-Matic{reg_sign} device before treatment by the air stripping unit, and the resulting scale formation and other water characteristics were compared with those found during a test with no water treatment and a test with chemical treatment with a polyphosphate additive. No beneficial effect was found when using the magnetic device. 6 refs., 6 figs., 4 tabs
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On-line tests of organic additives for the inhibition of the precipitation of silica from hypersaline geothermal brine IV. Final tests of candidate additives
The Lawrence Livermore Laboratory Brine Treatment Test System at Niland, Imperial Valley, California, has been used to evaluate a number of cationic polymers and surfactants as scale control agents. An initial group of compounds was narrowed to four on the basis of their activity as silica precipitation inhibitors. Three of these and certain combinations of compounds were then given a 40-h test to determine their effectiveness in retarding scales formed at 220, 125, and 90/sup 0/C. The best single compound was Corcat P-18 (Cordova Chemical Co. polyethylene imine, M.W. approx. = 1800). It had no effect on the scale at 220/sup 0/C, but it reduced the scales at 125 and 90/sup 0/C by factors of 4 and 18, respectively, and it also has activity as a corrosion inhibitor. Other promising compounds are PAE HCl (Dynapol poly(aminoethylene, HCl salt)), which also somewhat reduces the 220/sup 0/C scale; Ethoquad 18/25 (Armak methyl polyoxyethylene(15) octadecylammonium chloride); and Mirapol A-15 (a Miranol Chemical polydiquaternary compound). The best additive formulation for the brines of the Salton Sea Geothermal Field appears to be a mixture of one of these silica precipitation inhibitors with a small amount of hydrochloric acid and a phosphonate crystalline deposit inhibitor. Speculations are presented as to the mechanism of inhibition of silica precipitation and recommendations for further testing of these additives