Risk of depression in subjects with type 2 diabetes Is modulated by a genetic variant within DRD4 gene: North Indian diabetes-depression link exploration study (NIDDLES)

The role and relevance of DRD4 gene SNPs for the risk of depression in type 2 diabetes remains to be clarified. To investigate its association, present cross sectional study was conducted on 399 type 2 diabetics who were diagnosed for depression using primary health care questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) > 10 criteria. 191 subjects were depressed whereas, 208 subjects were found to be clinically non-depressed. Minor allele frequencies of two DRD4 SNPs rs1800955 and rs747302 were 0.45, 0.42 and 0.42, 0.34 in depressed and non depressed subjects respectively. C allele of rs747302 showed risk of depression (OR 1.41 95% CI 1.05- 1.87, P= 0.024) in comparison to G allele. It has been observed that carriers of CC genotype had approximately double the risk of depression (OR 1.96 95% CI 1.08- 3.56, P= 0.03) than GG carriers and this risk manifests in recessive mode

Investing in Emerging and Frontier Economies: How Blended Finance can make the most of public funding

Combating climate change and achieving the SDGs require vast investment in sustainable projects in developing countries, but the world is falling short.A crucial reason is that a rich source of funds is not being fully tapped into: the private sector, which is eager to significantly increase its sustainable investments, but is constrained by avoidable obstacles.Private investors face an unattractive risk-return nexus; they lack easy access to crucial information: e.g. which projects the public sector is planning that they could take part in, and what they entail.Exposure to the risks of investing in less mature markets, with insufficient insurance available, deters them as well.In this report, the Investor Leadership Network (ILN), whose members manage over USD 9 trillion of investments, offers solutions.It calls for better collaboration between public and private sectors to make blended finance (public/private investment partnerships) a driving force in this area.Compiled with the support of The Rockefeller Foundation, the report calls for a sea change in how multilateral development banks (MDBs), governments, foundations, and other public institutions see private-sector involvement