Treatment of an early implant failure according to the principles of guided tissue regeneration (GTR).

The present case report demonstrates the application of guided tissue regeneration (GTR) in combination with antimicrobial therapy for the treatment of an early implant failure. This treatment approach both prevented further loss of bone as well as led to the regeneration of lost bone. By means of color-converted digital subtraction images, remodelling of the tissues adjacent to the defect was documented as early as one month postsurgically. The images demonstrated "bone-fill" in the apical portion of the defect and resorptive changes at the bone crest. This case report demonstrates that combined regenerative and antimicrobial therapy may be a successful treatment approach restoring osseointegration of dental implants following loss of bone due to infection. Continuously increasing bone-fill inside the defect was documented when comparing the radiograph obtained immediately before the GTR procedure and at months 1, 2, 4, 5 and 6 of the healing period, respectively. Clinical measurement obtained at the time of the surgery and at the time of the membrane removal confirmed the radiographic evidence of bone-fill by demonstrating new tissue resistant to probing in close contact to the implant surface at the site of the previous defect. Antimicrobial therapy included an antibiotic regimen during the 1st month of healing as well as topical rinses with an antiseptic (chlorhexidine) over the entire healing period of 6 months. As a result of this treatment approach, the implant was saved and could be used as an abutment for a bridge reconstruction.link_to_subscribed_fulltex

Analysis of key molecules of the innate immune system in mammary epithelial cells isolated from marker-assisted and conventionally selected cattle

Mastitis is the most prevalent infectious disease in dairy herds. Breeding programs considering mastitis susceptibility were adopted as approaches to improve udder health status. In recent decades, conventional selection criteria based on phenotypic characteristics such as somatic cell score in milk have been widely used to select animals. Recently, approaches to incorporate molecular information have become feasible because of the detection of quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting mastitis resistance. The aims of the study were to explore molecular mechanisms underlying mastitis resistance and the genetic mechanisms underlying a QTL on Bos taurus chromosome 18 found to influence udder health. Primary cell cultures of mammary epithelial cells from heifers that were selected for high or low susceptibility to mastitis were established. Selection based on estimated pedigree breeding value or on the basis of marker-assisted selection using QTL information was implemented. The mRNA expression of 10 key molecules of the innate immune system was measured using quantitative real-time PCR after 1, 6, and 24 h of challenge with heat-inactivated mastitis pathogens (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus) and expression levels in the high and low susceptibility groups were compared according to selection criteria. In the marker-assisted selection groups, mRNA expression in cells isolated from less-susceptible animals was significantly elevated for toll-like receptor 2, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, RANTES (regulated upon activation, normal t-cell expressed and secreted), complement factor C3, and lactoferrin. In the estimated pedigree breeding value groups, mRNA expression was significantly elevated only for V-rel reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog A, IL-1 beta, and RANTES. These observations provide first insights into genetically determined divergent reactions to pathogens in the bovine mammary gland and indicate that the application of QTL information could be a successful tool for the selection of animals resistant to mastitis