Comprehensive Analysis of Zinc Oxide and Titanium Dioxide in Mineral Sunscreen Formulations

The inorganic materials of zinc oxide and titanium dioxide were analyzed through in vitro and physical tests to show their significant role in a sunscreen formulation scope. On-market formulas and lab-made prototypes were tested together to understand the relationship of finalized products and the formulation creation process, while highlighting sustainability efforts within personal care and cosmetic formulations. With a UV Spectrophotometer, Sun Protection Factor (SPF), broad spectrum UVA/UVB protection, and critical wavelength were explored, while skin-like substrate and a UV light visualized the differences between formulas

Electrochemical Studies of Antimony(III) and Antimony(V) in Molten Mixtures of Aluminum Chloride and Butylpyridinium Chloride

Electrochemical studies of Sb, Sb(III), and Sb(V) have been camed out in molten mixtures of AlC13 and N-1-butylpyridinium chloride (BuPyCl) at 40 OC, as a function of melt composition. Analysis of measurements in the acidic melts indicates SbC12+ as the dominant species. The reduction of this species on glassy carbon exhibits irreversible behavior. In the basic melts, SbC14- and SbC1,- are believed to be the dominant species. The reduction of Sb(II1) to Sb on glassy carbon also showed irreversible behavior while its oxidation to Sb(W revealed a quasi-reversible behavior. No Sb(II1) oxidation was observed in the acidic melts

Molten Nitrite Eutectics: The Reaction of Four Ianthanide(III) Chlorides

Cerium(III) chloride reacted with sodium nitrite—potassium nitrite eutectic, initially in the solid state but more rapidly on melting, to form cerium(IV) oxide, while lanthanum(III) chloride, praseodymium(III) chloride and europium(III) chloride reacted, very largely in the liquid state, undergoing anion exchange and a partial Lux—Flood acid—base reaction to form oxide nitrites (LnONO2) initially. At higher temperatures the latter two chlorides reacted further to form the oxides (Pr6O11 and Eu2O3, respectively). In lithium nitrite—potassium nitrite eutectic, the course of the reactions was similar but the temperatures at which reaction commenced were lower

Molten Lithium Carbonate—Sodium Carbonate—Potassium Carbonate Eutectic: The Reaction of Four Lanthanide(III) Chlorides

Cerium(III) chloride reacted with carbonate in the solid state under a carbon dioxide atmosphere, to form cerium(IV) oxide, while europium(III) chloride, praseodymium(III) chloride and lanthanum(III) chloride underwent anion exchange and partial decomposition to give the dioxymonocarbonates initially. The latter three compounds took up carbon dioxide as the temperature increased, the amount varying in accordance with the basicity of the cations ( = 20 border= 0 style= vertical-align:bottom width= 8 alt= View the MathML source title= View the MathML source src= http://origin-ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-0040603185853703-si1.gif \u3e , eight= 20 border= 0 style= vertical-align:bottom width= 8 alt= View the MathML source title= View the MathML source src= http://origin-ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-0040603185853703-si2.gif \u3e and 1 mole of CO2 per mole of Ln2O2CO3, respectively), as did the temperatures of reaction

Molten LiNO\u3csub\u3e2\u3c/sub\u3e-NaNO\u3csub\u3e2\u3c/sub\u3e, LiNO\u3csub\u3e2\u3c/sub\u3e-KNO\u3csub\u3e2\u3c/sub\u3e, LiNO\u3csub\u3e2\u3c/sub\u3e-CsNO\u3csub\u3e2\u3c/sub\u3e, and NaNO\u3csub\u3e2\u3c/sub\u3e-KNO\u3csub\u3e2\u3c/sub\u3e Eutectics: the reaction of PdCl\u3csub\u3e2\u3c/sub\u3e, K\u3csub\u3e2\u3c/sub\u3ePdCl\u3csub\u3e4\u3c/sub\u3e, K\u3csub\u3e2\u3c/sub\u3ePd(NO\u3csub\u3e2\u3c/sub\u3e)\u3csub\u3e4\u3c/sub\u3e, PtCl\u3csub\u3e2\u3c/sub\u3e, K\u3csub\u3e2\u3c/sub\u3ePtCl\u3csub\u3e4\u3c/sub\u3e, K\u3csub\u3e2\u3c/sub\u3ePt(NO\u3csub\u3e2\u3c/sub\u3e)\u3csub\u3e4\u3c/sub\u3e, PtCl\u3csub\u3e4\u3c/sub\u3e, and K\u3csub\u3e2\u3c/sub\u3ePtCl\u3csub\u3e6\u3c/sub\u3e

The reaction of eight compounds of Pd(II), Pt(II) and Pt(IV) with four molten nitrite eutectics were studied and their stoichiometries were deduced using thermogravimetric analysis. Their behaviour revealed an interesting class of oxidation-reduction reactions in which the nitrite melt acted as the reducting agent. Infrared spectra and high-temperature absorption spectra were used to identify the complex species formed in these melts. At low temperatures, Pd(II) and Pt(II) dissolved in the nitrite melts forming clear yellow solutions of nitro/nitrito species of Pd(II) and Pt(II), respectively. These solutions decomposed at higher temperatures, evolving nitrogen dioxide and leaving black residues of Pd and Pt metals. Pt(IV) formed an insoluble nitro/nitrito species that reacted in two stages, first to Pt(II) and eventually to Pt metal