Insects reared from logging residue on clear-cuts

Coniferous and deciduous logging residue (“slash”) was collected from six 1- year old and six 4-year old clear-cuts in South-West Sweden during the spring of 2002. In the laboratory, insects were emerged under standardised conditions. Insects emerged in 41% of the rearing-tubes with 1-year old slash. In 4-year old slash, 54% of the tubes contained insects. The most successfully emerged order was Coleoptera, represented by 10 families, 22 species and 425 individuals. The second most abundant order was Hymenoptera. The most abundant Coleoptera family was Curculionidae that comprised 48% of all the beetles. Four distinct species groups among Coleoptera were found, each group being separated by slash age and tree category (deciduous/coniferous). Significantly more species were found in the 4-year old deciduous slash, compared to the 1-year old. In coniferous slash, there was a tendency formore species in the 1-year old slash than in the 4-year old. The results suggest that slash is valuable as breeding substrate and/or food supply to the beetle fauna on clear-cuts

Handbook for newly employed, who accounts farmer companies in LRF Konsult AB, without earlier experience of farmer companies

LRF Konsult AB is a Swedish company with over 135 offices. During the time 2006-01-01 to 2008-06-16, 397 persons were recruited. New people will continue to be employed and because of that a need for consistant information for the recruits has been noted. The essay question is what a handbook should include to guide a newly recruited person. The newly recruited person that is referred to works at LRF Konsult AB with farming companies. The answer to the question is that it depends on the needs the employee has. The handbook in this essay is divided into two parts; a working handbook (appendix 2) and an introduction handbook (appendix 3). The working handbook meets the need for having a working structure and to learn important knowledge within the working field. The introduction handbook works more as a guide to be socialised into the organisation culture and to create a desired image of the company. The essay is built upon theories about socialisation, learning and organisation culture, and also a chapter about farming company accounting. An empirical study have been done with 12 respondents, who all is working/has been working at LRF Konsult AB.LRF Konsult AB är ett svenskt företag med över 135 kontor. Under tiden 2006-01-01 till 2008-06-16 nyanställdes 397 personer. Eftersom nya personer anställs hela tiden har ett behov av liknande information till de nyanställda uppmärksammats. Uppsatsens fråga är vad en handbok ska innehålla för att vägleda en nyanställd. Den nyanställda som avses arbetar på LRF Konsult AB och arbetar med lantbruksföretag. Svaret på frågan är att det beror på den anställdes behov. Handboken i denna uppsats är uppdelad på två handboksdelar; en arbetshandbok (bilaga 2) och en introduktionshandbok (bilaga 3). Arbetshandboken tillgodoser behovet av att få en struktur och lära sig viktiga kunskaper medan introduktionshandboken fungerar mer som en guide att socialiseras in i företagets kultur och skapa en önskvärd bild av företaget. Uppsatsen bygger på teorier om socialisering, lärande och företagskultur, samt ett teoriavsnitt om lantbruksredovisning. En empirisk studie har genomförts med 12 respondenter, som alla arbetar/har arbetat på LRF Konsult AB

Från beslut till självförsörjning

Som svensk medborgare har krig och andra tvister allt som oftast uppfattats som avlägset, och man har sällan känt en oro över att inte kunna äta sig mätt. Livsmedelsstrategin som implementerades år 2017 utgick från ett land i harmoni och sämja. Kort därefter avlöste de kritiska situationerna varandra, och befolkningen blev uppmärksammade på relevansen med självförsörjning och beredskap. Sverige har en genomsnittlig självförsörjningsgrad på 50 procent, vilket innebär att enbart hälften av all mat som konsumeras i landet produceras av svenska bönder. Sverige är inte enbart beroende av mat som inte kan produceras inrikes, utan även livsmedel som direkt konkurrerar med den inhemska produktionen. Studien syftar till att undersöka hur beteenden och beslutsprocesser inom värdekedjan har format och påverkat Sveriges självförsörjningsgrad vad gäller livsmedelsproduktion. Genom att jämföra och kontrastera med finländska beslutsprocesser syftar studien även till att ge perspektiv på eventuella skillnader och likheter i primärproducenternas marknadsförhållanden. Det teoretiska ramverket består av institutionell teori med motivet att analysera hur formella och informella institutioner påverkar beslutsprocesser hos aktörer i värdekedjan. Formella institutioner som EU och CAP kommer att undersökas i syfte att klargöra om dessa styrmedel har annorlunda inverkan på svenska respektive finländska producenters beslut och beslutsfattande. På samma sätt kommer informella institutioner såsom kulturella normer, attityder och värderingar hos svenska och finländska konsumenter analyseras för att skapa förståelse för vad olika beslutsprocesser grundas i. Följaktligen kommer de två institutionerna ge en förklaring till aktörernas agerande och beslut, samt återge vilken effekt de har på självförsörjningsgraden genom diverse beslutsfattande. Resultatet antyder att den största skillnaden mellan svenska och finländska producenters marknadsförhållanden är stödet från konsumenterna. Svenska konsumenter har länge präglats av en attityd som tar fred för givet. Detta omdöme har mynnat ut i normer och värderingar som handlar om att man inte värnar det svenska lantbruket som finländska konsumenter värnar det finländska jordbruket. Finländska konsumenter bär på en medvetenhet om den hunger en kris eller ett krig kan föra med sig, och därför finns en kulturell norm som handlar om att köpa inhemskt producerade livsmedel i syfte att bibehålla det nationella lantbruket och kunna försörja befolkningen även när gränserna stängs. Således dras en slutsats om att det är den bristande efterfrågan på svenska livsmedel som har format och påverkat den svenska självförsörjningsgraden.As a Swedish citizen, war and other conflicts have often been perceived as distant, and there har never been a worry about not being able to eat one’s fill. The food strategy implemented in 2017 was based on a country in harmony and concord. Shortly thereafter, critical situations followed one another, and the population became aware of the relevance of self-sufficiency and preparedness. Sweden has an average self-sufficiency rate of 50 percent, which means that only half of all the food consumed in the country is produced by Swedish farmers. Sweden is not only dependent on food that cannot be produced domestically, but also on food that directly competes with domestic production. To ensure food self-sufficiency during a difficult period, among other things, the milk production of the country must increase. The study aims to investigate how behaviors and decision-making processes within the value chain have shaped and affected Sweden’s self-sufficiency in food production. By comparing and contrasting with Finnish decision-making processes, the study also aims to provide perspectives on potential differences and similarities in the market conditions for primary producers. The theoretical framework consists of institutional theory with the aim of analyzing how formal and informal institutions affect decision-making processes among different actors in the value chain. Formal institutions such as the EU and CAP will be examined to clarify whether these regulatory instruments have different impacts on the decisions and decision-making of Swedish and Finnish producers. Similarly, informal institutions such as cultural norms, attitudes, and values of Swedish and Finnish consumers will be analyzed to understand the basis of different decision-making processes. Furthermore, the two institutions will provide an explanation of the actions and decisions of the actors, as well as illustrate their effect on self-sufficiency through various decision-making processes. The results suggest that the biggest difference between the market conditions of Swedish and Finnish producers is the support from consumers. Swedish consumers have long been charachterized by an attitude that takes peace for granted. This outlook has resulted in norms and values that do not prioritize Swedish agriculture in the same way that Finnish consumers prioritize Finnish agriculture. Finnish consumers are aware of the hunger that a crisis or war can bring, and therefore there is a cultural norm of buying domestically produced food with the purpose to maintain national agriculture and be able to supply the population even when borders are closed. Thus, it can be concluded that the lack of demand for Swedish food has shaped and affected Sweden’s self-sufficiency

Argument for vegetation : from the perspective of human health and experience

This essay examines what some of the Swedish authorities’ argument are for vegetation, what their grounds are for the arguments and why vegetation is important for the human health and experience. I have examined publications and reports from 6 different authorities on state- , regional and communal level. The authorities which publications I have studied are Boverket, Naturvårdsverket, Folkhälsoinstitutet, Miljödepartementet, Länsstyrelsen Skåne och Malmö Kommun. The publications has been analyzed by different themes; Children and young peoples influence of vegetation, Elderly and sick’s influence of vegetation, Human health, wellbeing and experience of vegetation, Vegetation at work, The influence of vegetation on stress and The effect of vegetation in the city. Besides this I have identified the authorities’ references of science and then put together which reference that has been used the most. Boverket was the authority and Patrik Grahns science were the two references that had been referenced the most. My goal with this essay is to contribute to strength the arguments that already exist and promote the green side and to find argument you can use as a landscape architect both as a student and when you work as a landscape architect. During this work I have found very many arguments who speak for the green side and that many of the authorities’ often use the same source of research results but the authorities’ are not equally when it comes to references. The authorities’ are overall pretty good at argument for vegetation

Stadsnära skogar

I det här arbetet har jag undersökt vilken betydelse stadsnära skogar har för allmänheten, hur man kan gynna de sociala värdena och om man kan göra annorlunda föryngringsytor nära städer. Utifrån litteraturen har jag hittat olika teman som Stadsnära skogar genom historien, Stadsnära skogar idag, Naturens betydelse för människor, Skogsproduktion och skogsbruk, Information och konflikter samt Annorlunda föryngringsytor nära städer. Då numera väldigt många människor i Sverige bor i städer blir tillgången till natur både i och nära städerna väldigt viktig. Då vi blir fler människor och fler flyttar till städer måste städerna växa och exploateringen sker ofta på bekostnad av grönområden och tätortsnära natur. Att naturen påverkar oss människor positivt påvisas via forskning inom ämnet. Naturen har stor betydelse för människan ur till exempel ett miljöpsykologiskt perspektiv, att motverka stress och för barn som vistas i gröna miljöer. Även sjuka och äldre påverkas positivt av naturen. När det gäller folkhälsoperspektivet och fysisk aktivitet är det vikigt med kvalitativa grönområden med olika funktioner. Lövskog har visat sig vara bättre ur återhämtningssynpunkt än barrskog. Då man vistas i lövskogen är man mer inställd på rekreation och i barrskogen vistas man oftare mer i syftet av att plocka bär eller svamp. I Sverige finns det väldigt mycket skog och ungefär 1 % av all skog är i tätortsnära lägen. Historiskt har det skett många förändringar inom skogsindustrin och skogsvårdslagen har ändrats ett antal gånger. Förr var det hyggesfria skogsbruket det som var vanligast till skillnad mot idag där trakthyggesbruket dominerar. Många myndigheter är överrens om att den hyggesfria metoden är lämplig i stadsnära lägen men skogsvårdslagen är lite otydlig när det gäller hur man får och kan använda sig av det hyggesfria skogsbruket. Skötsel av stadsnära skogar och nedtagning av träd är åtgärder som bidrar till konflikter. Genom information och kommunikation kan man minska eller förhindra konflikter. För att de stadsnära skogarna ska kunna vara rekreativa måste de sociala värdena stärkas och det måste satsas mer på kvalitet.This essay examines the significance of the urban forests for society, how to benefit the social values and if it is possible to make the deforestation areas near cities different. The results of this work has resulted in different themes like Urban forests throughout history, Urban forests of today, The importance of nature for humans, Forestry production and forestry, Information and conflicts and also Different deforestation areas near cities. Today many people in Sweden live in cities and therefore the access of good and qualitative nature is very important. When more people move to cities the cities have to expand and that is often of the cost of urban forests or other green areas. Research in how the nature affect people shows that the nature affects humans in a positive way. The nature has also a great significance to humans and it affects us in a positive way when we are stressed, when we are sick or old. Children that play in green areas gets a lot of benefits for example they can concentrate better and there are fewer conflicts among the children. When it comes to people’s health and physical activity the size, quality and function of the green area is important. Deciduous forests have shown to be better for recreation than coniferous forests. When you visit the deciduous forests your mind is set on recreation while in coniferous forests you often visit in the purpose of picking berries or mushrooms. About 1 % of all the forest in Sweden is situated in urban locations. Historically there have been many changes in the forest industry and the law of forest silviculture has changed a number of times. In the past the non clear-cut forestry method was the most common and today the deforestation method is dominating. A lot of authorities agree that the non clear-cut forestry method is suitable near urban areas and urban forests. The law of forest silviculture is a bit unclear regarding when and where you can use the non clear-cut method. Management and tree-cutting are reasons why conflicts start. With information and communication the conflict can be avoided or reduced. To create qualitative urban forests that are made for recreation the social values has to be strengthened

A Light Signalling Approach to Node Grouping for Massive MIMO IoT Networks

Massive MIMO is a promising technology to connect very large numbers of energy constrained nodes, as it offers both extensive spatial multiplexing and large array gain. A challenge resides in partitioning the many nodes in groups that can communicate simultaneously such that the mutual interference is minimized. We here propose node partitioning strategies that do not require full channel state information, but rather are based on nodes' respective directional channel properties. In our considered scenarios, these typically have a time constant that is far larger than the coherence time of the channel. We developed both an optimal and an approximation algorithm to partition users based on directional channel properties, and evaluated them numerically. Our results show that both algorithms, despite using only these directional channel properties, achieve similar performance in terms of the minimum signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio for any user, compared with a reference method using full channel knowledge. In particular, we demonstrate that grouping nodes with related directional properties is to be avoided. We hence realise a simple partitioning method requiring minimal information to be collected from the nodes, and where this information typically remains stable over a long term, thus promoting their autonomy and energy efficiency

Traceable Coulomb Blockade Thermometry

We present a measurement and analysis scheme for determining traceable thermodynamic temperature at cryogenic temperatures using Coulomb blockade thermometry. The uncertainty of the electrical measurement is improved by utilizing two sampling digital voltmeters instead of the traditional lock-in technique. The remaining uncertainty is dominated by that of the numerical analysis of the measurement data. Two analysis methods are demonstrated: numerical fitting of the full conductance curve and measuring the height of the conductance dip. The complete uncertainty analysis shows that using either analysis method the relative combined standard uncertainty (k = 1) in determining the thermodynamic temperature in the temperature range from 20 mK to 200 mK is below 0.5 %. In this temperature range, both analysis methods produced temperature estimates that deviated from 0.39 % to 0.67 % from the reference temperatures provided by a superconducting reference point device calibrated against the Provisional Low Temperature Scale of 2000.Comment: 11 page

En grönskande trädgård i staden

Syftet med denna uppsats är att gestalta en studentnationsträdgård så att den tillmötesgår de krav som ställs på platsen i form av slitagetålighet och flexibel användning. Detta uppnås genom en designprocess uppdelad i förstudie och gestaltning. Förstudien sker i form av en platsinventering, en kvalitativ gruppintervju med de som arbetar heltid på nationen samt en enkät till nationens ämbetsmän. Informationen från förstudien bearbetas i en gestaltningsprocess genom platsanalys och skissarbete. Platsen som gestaltas är Uplands nations trädgård i centrala Uppsala. När städer blir tätare ska fler invånare samsas om de grönytor som finns och slitaget blir då högre på dessa. Som landskapsarkitekt är det därför aktuellt att kunna gestalta miljöer som klarar högt slitage, men som ändå upplevs som gröna platser då detta har en positiv inverkan på människors psykiska hälsa. En riskgrupp för psykisk ohälsa och stress är studenter, vilka också har en begränsad tillgång till trädgårdar eller småskaliga gröna utemiljöer då de ofta bor i lägenhet. I Uppsala finns 13 studentnationer som anordnar olika aktiviteter med studenter som huvudmålgrupp. En av dessa studentnationer är Uplands nation som erbjuder besökarna fika, pub, klubbverksamhet och föreningsliv. Uplands nation är en av de nationer som har en egen trädgård vilken är öppen för allmänheten under all verksamhet som inte kräver medlemskap. Trädgården har ett högt besökstryck vilket också utsätter den för ett högt slitage. Genom att ge trädgården en ny gestaltning blir den anpassad för att klara slitaget, samtidigt som den förblir en grön miljö med möjlighet till flexibel användning. Gräsmattan byts ut mot stenmjöl och trädgården ramas in med perennrabatter, syrenhäck och klätterväxter. Stenmjölsytan tillsammans med en ny stenläggning i natursten möjliggör för många bänkbord att placeras ut under sommaren då pubverksamheten använder trädgården, men ytorna kan även användas som dansgolv under nationens klubbarrangemang.The purpose of this thesis is to design a student nation garden so that it meets the demands of the site in terms of wear resistance and flexible use. This is achieved through a design process divided into preliminary study and design. The preliminary study is in form of a site analysis, a qualitative group interview with those who work full time at the nation and a survey to the nation’s office holders. The information from the preliminary study is processed in the design through site analysis and sketching. The place for the design is Uplands student nation’s garden in central Uppsala. When cities gets denser, more residents will have to share the green spaces that exist and the wear will be higher on them. As a landscape architect, it is therefore important to be able to design environments that can handle high levels of wear but still be experienced as green spaces as this has a positive impact on people’s mental health. A risk group for mental illness and stress are students who also have limited access to gardens or small-scale green outdoor environments as they often live in apartments. In Uppsala there are 13 student nations that organize different activities with students as the main target group. One of these student nations is Uplands nation that offers visitors coffee, pub, club activities and community life. Uplands nation is one of the nations that has its own garden, which is open to the public during all activities that do not require a membership. The garden has a high number of visitors which exposes it to a high wear and tear. By giving the garden a new design it will be adapted to manage the wear and tear while remaining a green environment with the possibility of flexible use. The lawn is replaced with fine gravel and the garden is framed with perennials, lilac and climbing plants. The fine gravel, along with a new stone foundation in natural stone, allows for many benches to be placed in the garden during summer when the pub activities use it, but the surfaces can also be used as a dance floor during the nation’s club arrangement

Mobbning : ur årskurs nio elevers och lärarstudenters perspektiv

The purpose of our essay was to illustrate how pupils in a medium-sized Swedish town in the 9th grade apprehend and explain bullying. We wanted to compare the pupils' opinions with student teachers' in college. Our questions were: How do the participants in the study define bullying? What are the characteristics of the bully and the victim of the bullying? Where, when and how does the bullying take place? What is the reason for the bullying? Are there any gender-related aspects of bullying? What is the participants? view of the teachers? role? Are there any differences between the pupils' and the teacher students' opinions about bullying, and in that case; what are the differences? We used a qualitative method by interviewing groups of pupils and teacher students. Our survey showed that the pupils' and the teacher students' opinions about bullying were similar in most cases. Bullying is when a pupil is exposed to negative actions several times. The participants thought that the bully generally can be anyone, but the bullies were often described as insecure persons. Most of the participants thought that the victim of the bullying can be anyone. The victims were often described as shy persons with low self-confidence

Associations between litter size and medical treatment of sows during farrowing and lactation

Sow litter sizes have increased recently, and there is a lack of data on the effect of litter size on sow health and sow medical treatment. This study investigated associations between litter size and medical treatment of sows, using data for a 10-year period from one Swedish research farm. The data comprised 1947 litters from 655 Yorkshire sows. Association between litter size and medical treatment of sows during farrowing and lactation investigated using a multivariable multilevel logistic regression model. We found that odds of medical treatment of sows decreased for each additional piglet born up to five piglets (odds ratio 0.50, p = .002). For litter sizes >= 5, the odds for each additional piglet born (odds ratio 1.11, p < .001). Problems with milk let-down in early lactation were the main reason for treatment. Results imply that sows with very small or very large litters may be less profitable