Mediación socioformativa: del aprendizaje a la formación integral

Los cambios acelerados de las últimas décadas, el desarrollo tecnológico y los grandes retos de la humanidad exigen a la educación una transformación a fondo, basada en la mejora de los procesos que se gestan desde las instituciones formadoras de docentes, los programas de actualización del magisterio, las universidades, los planes de estudio que se imparten en los diversos niveles y, ante todo, en los estilos de interacción que se manifiestan dentro y fuera de las aulas entre los estudiantes y educadores (Tobón et al., 2015). Todo esto, desde una visión sistémica conlleva un espíritu de transformación, de centrar la formación de los ciudadanos del siglo XXI en la resolución de problemas del contexto, superando la linealidad, fragmentación del conocimiento y el dominio de contenidos (Tobón et al., 2014)

Guías colombianas de electrofisiología no invasiva

Los métodos diagnósticos no invasivos son el pilar inicial del estudio de cualquier paciente con una patología en particular, de ahí que sean los exámenes más solicitados y constituyan una importante carga en costos para un sistema de salud.Q4Guías1-12

Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy

BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide, but few effective long-term treatments are available. In cardiovascular trials of inhibitors of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), exploratory results have suggested that such drugs may improve renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuric chronic kidney disease to receive canagliflozin, an oral SGLT2 inhibitor, at a dose of 100 mg daily or placebo. All the patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 30 to <90 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area and albuminuria (ratio of albumin [mg] to creatinine [g], >300 to 5000) and were treated with renin–angiotensin system blockade. The primary outcome was a composite of end-stage kidney disease (dialysis, transplantation, or a sustained estimated GFR of <15 ml per minute per 1.73 m2), a doubling of the serum creatinine level, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes. Prespecified secondary outcomes were tested hierarchically. RESULTS The trial was stopped early after a planned interim analysis on the recommendation of the data and safety monitoring committee. At that time, 4401 patients had undergone randomization, with a median follow-up of 2.62 years. The relative risk of the primary outcome was 30% lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group, with event rates of 43.2 and 61.2 per 1000 patient-years, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59 to 0.82; P=0.00001). The relative risk of the renal-specific composite of end-stage kidney disease, a doubling of the creatinine level, or death from renal causes was lower by 34% (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.81; P<0.001), and the relative risk of end-stage kidney disease was lower by 32% (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.86; P=0.002). The canagliflozin group also had a lower risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.95; P=0.01) and hospitalization for heart failure (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.80; P<0.001). There were no significant differences in rates of amputation or fracture. CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease, the risk of kidney failure and cardiovascular events was lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group at a median follow-up of 2.62 years

Identification of genetic variants associated with Huntington's disease progression: a genome-wide association study

Background Huntington's disease is caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the huntingtin gene, HTT. Age at onset has been used as a quantitative phenotype in genetic analysis looking for Huntington's disease modifiers, but is hard to define and not always available. Therefore, we aimed to generate a novel measure of disease progression and to identify genetic markers associated with this progression measure. Methods We generated a progression score on the basis of principal component analysis of prospectively acquired longitudinal changes in motor, cognitive, and imaging measures in the 218 indivduals in the TRACK-HD cohort of Huntington's disease gene mutation carriers (data collected 2008–11). We generated a parallel progression score using data from 1773 previously genotyped participants from the European Huntington's Disease Network REGISTRY study of Huntington's disease mutation carriers (data collected 2003–13). We did a genome-wide association analyses in terms of progression for 216 TRACK-HD participants and 1773 REGISTRY participants, then a meta-analysis of these results was undertaken. Findings Longitudinal motor, cognitive, and imaging scores were correlated with each other in TRACK-HD participants, justifying use of a single, cross-domain measure of disease progression in both studies. The TRACK-HD and REGISTRY progression measures were correlated with each other (r=0·674), and with age at onset (TRACK-HD, r=0·315; REGISTRY, r=0·234). The meta-analysis of progression in TRACK-HD and REGISTRY gave a genome-wide significant signal (p=1·12 × 10−10) on chromosome 5 spanning three genes: MSH3, DHFR, and MTRNR2L2. The genes in this locus were associated with progression in TRACK-HD (MSH3 p=2·94 × 10−8 DHFR p=8·37 × 10−7 MTRNR2L2 p=2·15 × 10−9) and to a lesser extent in REGISTRY (MSH3 p=9·36 × 10−4 DHFR p=8·45 × 10−4 MTRNR2L2 p=1·20 × 10−3). The lead single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in TRACK-HD (rs557874766) was genome-wide significant in the meta-analysis (p=1·58 × 10−8), and encodes an aminoacid change (Pro67Ala) in MSH3. In TRACK-HD, each copy of the minor allele at this SNP was associated with a 0·4 units per year (95% CI 0·16–0·66) reduction in the rate of change of the Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale (UHDRS) Total Motor Score, and a reduction of 0·12 units per year (95% CI 0·06–0·18) in the rate of change of UHDRS Total Functional Capacity score. These associations remained significant after adjusting for age of onset. Interpretation The multidomain progression measure in TRACK-HD was associated with a functional variant that was genome-wide significant in our meta-analysis. The association in only 216 participants implies that the progression measure is a sensitive reflection of disease burden, that the effect size at this locus is large, or both. Knockout of Msh3 reduces somatic expansion in Huntington's disease mouse models, suggesting this mechanism as an area for future therapeutic investigation

CONTEXT PROBLEMS: PHILOSOPHICAL AND TEACHING OF SOCIOFORMACIÓN

Importance: To identify the key characteristics of the problems of context and establish its methodological axis. Materials and methods: A documentary analysis based on the conceptual cartography through eight axes was performed. Results and conclusions: the problems of context include the establishment of needs, gaps or difficulties in a particular area of knowledge (real situation) and involve establishing a challenge or purpose to overcome to achieve innovation and improvement criteria (ideal situation). They are characterized by interdisciplinarity, collaboration, co-creation of knowledge and metacognition. They differ from other concepts such as Problem-Based Learning (PBL) and Cognitive Conflict, and that transcend the disciplinary boundaries of knowledge and cognitive processes as they focus on the overall performance of the people in the web of relationships and meanings that context in its multiple dimensions

Hacia una evaluación integral del desempeño: Las rúbricas socioformativas

Desde la socioformación, las rúbricas permiten evaluar el desempeño en la realización de procesos o evidencias y constituyen una oportunidad de mejoramiento en las prácticas educativas actuales. Con base en la evolución del concepto de rúbrica, se realizó un análisis documental con el propósito de mejorar la construcción del concepto, teoría y metodología. Se empleó la cartografía conceptual como estrategia para la organización de la información recabada, siguiendo los ocho ejes de análisis de esta metodología, tomando como base fuentes primarias y secundarias recuperadas de Google Académico y bibliografía complementaria sobre la temática. Los resultados demostraron la necesidad de articular los elementos teóricos y metodológicos para diseñar e implementar instrumentos de evaluación que contemplen niveles de dominio, criterios, evidencias y/o procesos de actuación integrales con la finalidad de resolver problemas del contexto. Se sugiere implementar procesos de investigación empírica para determinar el impacto de las rúbricas socioformativas en la evaluación del desempeño para trascender el enfoque de objetivos y contenidos, de tal manera, que la educación actual responda a los retos que plantea la sociedad del conocimiento

Los problemas del contexto: Base filosófica y pedagógica de la socioformación

Importancia: identificar las características clave de los problemas del contexto y establecer sus ejes metodológicos. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un análisis documental basado en la cartografía conceptual a través de ocho ejes. Resultados: los problemas de contexto consisten en el establecimiento de necesidades, vacíos o dificultades en una determinada área del conocimiento (situación real) y que implican establecer un reto o propósito a alcanzar para superarlos con criterios de innovación y mejora (situación ideal). Se caracterizan por su interdisciplinariedad, colaboración, co-creación del conocimiento y metacognición. Se diferencian de otros conceptos tales como situacionesproblema, ya que trascienden los límites disciplinares del conocimiento y los procesos cognitivos, pues seenfocan en la actuación integral de las personas en el tejido de relaciones y significados que implican el contexto en sus múltiples dimensiones

TOWARD A COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION OF PERFORMANCE: THE SOCIOFORMATIVE RUBRIC

From the socioformacion, the rubrics allow to evaluate performance in carrying out processes or evidence and are an opportunity for improvement in current educational practices. Based on the evolution of the concept of rubrics a documentary analysis in order to improve the construction of the concept, theory and methodology was performed. Conceptual mapping was used as a strategy for organizing the information gathered by following the eight axes of analysis of this methodology, based on primary and secondary sources retrieved from Google Scholar and additional bibliography on the subject. The results showed the need to articulate the theoretical and methodological elements to design and implement assessment tools that include proficiency levels, criteria, evidence and / or processes of comprehensive action in order to solve problems of context. It is suggested to implement processes of empirical research to determine the impact of socioformatives rubrics in performance evaluation to transcend the focus of objectives and content, so that the current education respond the challenges of the knowledge society

Survival and proteolytic capacity of probiotics in a fermented milk enriched with agave juice and stored in refrigeration

Abstract In this study, the survival and proteolysis of lactic acid bacteria Lactobacillus casei Shirota and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG were measured in fermented milks enriched with agave juice and inulin. Fermentations were terminated at pH 4.5 and stored for 21 days at 4 °C. Survival was determined by viable count in MRS-agar. The production of free amino groups was performed by the TNBS method and peptide separation was performed by SDS-PAGE. During fermentation, pH decreased faster in milk with agave juice than with inulin. There was no significant difference in the concentration of free amino groups (0.632 ± 0.007 and 0.627 ± 0.007 mg/L) between the two fermentation systems for any microorganism. The concentration of lactic acid bacteria in the presence of agave juice was higher than the recommended concentration for probiotic foods (7.59 log CFU/mL for L. rhamnosus GG and 8.26 log CFU/mL for L. casei Shirota). The production of free amino groups and peptides of low molecular weight continued in refrigeration and was higher in systems with agave juice. This could represent a proteolytic activation in the presence of this carbon source. The results showed that agave juice might be a functional ingredient with prebiotic character in symbiotic systems