Le gouvernement de soi

Dans l'Histoire de la sexualité, Michel Foucault passe de la question du pouvoir à celle du sujet et du souci de soi. Mais loin de marquer une rupture, ce passage à l'éthique s'inscrit dans une problématique politique. Car on apprend à se gouverner aussi pour gouverner les autres. (Premier paragraphe

Lymphocyte Autophagy in Homeostasis, Activation, and Inflammatory Diseases

Autophagy is a catabolic mechanism, allowing the degradation of cytoplasmic content via lysosomal activity. Several forms of autophagy are described in mammals. Macroautophagy leads to integration of cytoplasmic portions into vesicles named autophagosomes that ultimately fuse with lysosomes. Chaperone-mediated autophagy is in contrast the direct translocation of protein in lysosomes. Macroautophagy is central to lymphocyte homeostasis. Although its role is controversial in lymphocyte development and in naive cell survival, it seems particularly involved in the maintenance of certain lymphocyte subtypes. Its importance in memory B and T cells biology has recently emerged. Moreover, some effector cells like plasma cells rely on autophagy for survival. Autophagy is central to glucose and lipid metabolism, and to the maintenance of organelles like mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. In addition macroautophagy, or individual components of its machinery, are also actors in antigen presentation by B cells, a crucial step to receive help from T cells, this crosstalk favoring their final differentiation into memory or plasma cells. Autophagy is deregulated in several autoimmune or autoinflammatory diseases like systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and Crohn’s disease. Some treatments used in these pathologies impact autophagic activity, even if the causal link between autophagy regulation and the efficiency of the treatments has not yet been clearly established. In this review, we will first discuss the mechanisms linking autophagy to lymphocyte subtype survival and the signaling pathways involved. Finally, potential impacts of autophagy modulation in lymphocytes on the course of these diseases will be approached

Y a-t-il un sujet biopolitique?

This article explores the link between liberalism and biopolitics in Foucault, through the analyses of the 1979 Lecture at the Collège de France The Birth of BiopoliticsL’essai propose une enquête sur la relation entre libéralisme et biopolitique chez Foucault, à partir du Cours au Collège de France de 1979 Naissance de la biopolitique

De l'artiste paranoïaque et révolutionnaire à l'artiste révolté et schizophrène

Pas de résumé disponible actuellementNo abstract available by no

Bond-order modulated staggered flux phase for the t−Jt{-}J model on the square lattice

Motivated by the observation of inhomogeneous patterns in some high-T$_c$ cuprate compounds, several variational Gutzwiller-projected wave-functions with built-in charge and bond order parameters are proposed for the extended $t-J-V$ model on the square lattice at low doping. First, following a recent Gutzwiller-projected mean-field approach by one of us (Phys. Rev. B. {\bf 72}, 060508(R) (2005)), we investigate, as a function of doping and Coulomb repulsion, the stability of the staggered flux phase with respect to small spontaneous modulations of squared unit cells ranging from $2\times 2$ to $\sqrt{32}\times\sqrt{32}$. It is found that a $4\times 4$ bond-order (BO) modulation appears spontaneously on top of the staggered flux pattern for hole doping around 1/8. A related wave-function is then constructed and optimized accurately and its properties studied extensively using an approximation-free variational Monte Carlo scheme. Finally, the competition of the BO-modulated staggered flux wave-function w.r.t. the d-wave RVB wave-function or the commensurate flux state is investigated. It is found that a short range Coulomb repulsion penalizes the d-wave superconductor and that a moderate Coulomb repulsion brings them very close in energy. Our results are discussed in connection to the STM observations in the under-doped regime of some cuprates.Comment: 10 pages, 9 figure

Michel Foucault (la "parrêsia", une éthique de la vérité)

A partir de 1982 Foucault attribue une place centrale à l expérience qui noue transformation de soi et accès à la vérité. Dans cette perspective la vérité devient une expérience dans laquelle nous devons transformer notre existence pour accéder au vrai. C est toute la problématique de la spiritualité et de sa relation à la philosophie qui est ainsi ouverte, redéfinissant la philosophie comme une expérience de transformation de soi à l épreuve de la vérité. Notre objectif sera ici de montrer comment à travers le concept de parrêsia Foucault propose une nouvelle manière de problématiser la relation entre discours vrai et transformation de soi. Ce travail sur soi implique une remise en question constante, mais surtout elle implique une vigilance permanente à l égard du monde, des autres et de soi-même. Il ne s agit plus seulement là de s inventer soi-même en réponse à l assujettissement, mais d avoir le courage de devenir autre, dans un monde autre. Cette relation entre vie et vérité implique de se mettre constamment en jeu, risquant toujours une déprise de soi nécessaire à l émergence d une vie autre : il s agira donc pour nous de tracer les déclinaisons éthiques prises par ce courage de la vérité. La parrêsia comme une autre forme de penser le nouage entre subjectivité et vérité, une forme de subjectivation dans laquelle le sujet ne s attache pas à la vérité de forme identitaire, mais par laquelle le sujet se met perpétuellement en jeu. Nous examinerons pour cela cinq formes, ou plutôt cinq moments de problématisation historique de la parrêsia analysés par Foucault dans ses deux derniers cours au Collège de France : la parrêsia dans les pratiques de soi antiques, la parrêsia et ses origines démocratiques, le moment de transition d une parrêsia politique à une parrêsia éthique, la parrêsia socratique et finalement la parrêsia cynique. Ce parcours nous permet en même temps de montrer la relation établie par Foucault entre le concept de critique et celui de parrêsia. Nous verrons également comment par ce nouage s ouvre en même temps la question du rôle de l intellectuel ainsi que celle de la tâche de la philosophie, question sous-jacente et présente tout au long de ces derniers cours.Starting in 1982, Foucault gave a central place to the experience that knots transformation of the self and access to truth. In this perspective, truth becomes an experience in which we should transform our existence to reach what is true. It is the question of spirituality and its relation to philosophy that emerges, redefining philosophy as an experience of transformation of the self as witness to the truth. Our objective will be to show how through the concept of parrêsia Foucault proposes a new way to think about the relationship between truth telling and transformation of the self. This transformation implies a constant questioning, but most of all, it implies a permanent vigilance with regard to the world, others and oneself. It is no longer only a question of inventing oneself in response to subjection, but to have the courage to become another, in another world. This relationship between life and truth implies constantly being at stake, necessarily risking a loss of self for the emergence of another life. Our aim will thus be to trace the ethical variations taken by this courage for truth. Parrêsia is another way of thinking about the knot between subjectivity and truth, a form of subjectification in which the subject does not attach to identity but by which the subject is has to continually reinvent itself. We will examine five forms, or rather, five moments of historical consideration of this concept of parrêsia analyzed by Foucault in his last two courses at the Collège de France: parrêsia in the ancient practices of the self, parrêsia and its democratic origins, the moment of transition from political to ethical parrêsia, socratic parrêsia and finally, cynical parrêsia. These five forms will also allow us to show the relationship established by Foucault between the concept of critique and that of parrêsia. We shall also see how this knotting reveals the questions of the role of the intellectual and the task of philosophy, two underlying questions present throughout his last courses.PARIS-EST-Université (770839901) / SudocPARIS12-Bib. électronique (940280011) / SudocSudocFranceF

New insights on the mechanism of quinoline-based DNA methyltransferase inhibitors

Among the epigenetic marks, DNA methylation is one of the most studied. It is highly deregulated in numerous diseases, including cancer. Indeed, it has been shown that hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes promoters is a common feature of cancer cells. Because DNA methylation is reversible, the DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), responsible for this epigenetic mark, are considered promising therapeutic targets. Several molecules have been identified as DNMT inhibitors and, among the non-nucleoside inhibitors, 4-aminoquinoline-based inhibitors, such as SGI-1027 and its analogs, showed potent inhibitory activity. Here we characterized the in vitro mechanism of action of SGI-1027 and two analogs. Enzymatic competition studies with the DNA substrate and the methyl donor cofactor, S-adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet), displayed AdoMet non-competitive and DNA competitive behavior. In addition, deviations from the Michaelis-Menten model in DNA competition experiments suggested an interaction with DNA. Thus their ability to interact with DNA was established; although SGI-1027 was a weak DNA ligand, analog 5, the most potent inhibitor, strongly interacted with DNA. Finally, as 5 interacted with DNMT only when the DNA duplex was present, we hypothesize that this class of chemical compounds inhibit DNMTs by interacting with the DNA substrate

Magnetism and superconductivity of strongly correlated electrons on the triangular lattice

We investigate the phase diagram of the \tj Model on a triangular lattice using a Variational Monte-Carlo approach. We use an extended set of Gutzwiller projected fermionic trial wave-functions allowing for simultaneous magnetic and superconducting order parameters. We obtain energies at zero doping for the spin-1/2 Heisenberg model in very good agreement with the best estimates. Upon electron doping (with a hopping integral $t<0$) this phase is surprisingly stable variationally up to $n\approx 1.4$, while the $d_{x^{2}-y^{2}}+i d_{xy}$ order parameter is rather weak and disappears at $n\approx 1.1$. For hole doping however the coplanar magnetic state is almost immediately destroyed and $d_{x^{2}-y^{2}}+i d_{xy}$ superconductivity survives down to $n\approx 0.8$. For lower $n$, between 0.2 and 0.8, we find saturated ferromagnetism. Moreover, there is evidence for a narrow spin density wave phase around $n\approx 0.8$. Commensurate flux phases were also considered, but these turned out {\em not} to be competitive at finite doping.Comment: 11 pages; 11 figure