The anatomy of the fundic branches of the stomach: preliminary results

The fundic branches of the stomach can be defined as a group of vessels that can arise either directly or indirectly from the following source arteries: the left inferior phrenic artery, the accessory left hepatic artery, the left gastric artery, the left middle suprarenal artery, the main trunk of the splenic artery, the posterior gastric artery, the superior polar artery, the gastrosplenic artery, the left gastroepiploic artery and the splenic artery with its inferior and superior terminal branches. It is worth mentioning that the fundic branches of the left gastroepiploic artery and the superior and inferior terminal branches of the splenic artery, like other vessels arising from these three source arteries and supplying the stomach, are defined as short gastric arteries. The anatomy of these fundic branches, particularly relevant to some surgical procedures, is not sufficiently described, and the current literature suffers from lack of publications on this particular topic. We therefore decided to explore in detail the arterial vascularisation of the gastric fundus. The research was carried out on material consisting of 15 human stomach specimens. The anatomical analysis comprised the following: the number of occurrences of fundic branches in each of the source arteries defined above, the distance between the origins of the source artery and its arising fundic branch, the way in which the fundic branches arose, the length, diameter at point of origin and morphology of the fundic braches, as well as the exact point of perforation of each fundic branch on the fundus. The highest incidence of the direct-branching pattern of fundic branches was in the left middle suprarenal artery, the gastrosplenic artery and the left gastrosplenic artery. The accessory left hepatic artery, the left gastric artery and the main trunk of the splenic artery were the most frequent site of the indirectly arising pattern of fundic branch. The highest median value of fundic branch length was 63.05 mm, found in the accessory left hepatic artery group. The largest median diameter value of the vessel was encountered among those originating in the left middle suprarenal artery and reached 2.17 mm. The posterolateral quadrant of the fundus received the largest number of fundic branches, amounting to 46.5% of all the fundic branches studied. (Folia Morphol 2008; 67: 120–125

The effects of pesticide mixtures on degradation of pendimethalin in soils

Most agronomic situations involve a sequence of herbicide, fungicide, and insecticide application. On the other hand, use of pesticidal combinations has become a standard practice in the production of many agricultural crops. One of the most important processes influencing the behavior of a pesticide in the environment is its degradation in soil. It is known that due to several pesticide applications in one vegetation season, the pesticide may be present in mixtures with other pesticides or xenobiotics in soil. This study examines the role which a mixture of chemicals plays in pesticide degradation. The influence of other pesticides on the rate of pendimethalin (PDM) degradation in soil was measured in controlled conditions. Mixtures of PDM with mancozeb or mancozeb and thiamethoxam significantly influenced the degradation of pendimethalin under controlled conditions. The second type of mixtures, with metribuzin or thiamethoxam, did not affect the behavior of pendimethalin in soil. Also, we determined the influence of water content on the rate of pendimethalin degradation alone in two soils and compared it to the rate in three pesticide mixtures. We compared two equations to evaluate the predictors of the rate of herbicide dissipation in soil: the first-order kinetic and the non-linear empirical models. We used the non-linear empirical model assuming that the degradation rate of a herbicide in soil is proportional to the difference of the observed concentration of herbicide in soil at time and concentration of herbicide in the last day of measurement

Assessing fitness-to-practice of overseas-trained health practitioners by Australian registration & accreditation bodies

Assessment of fitness-to-practice of health professionals trained overseas and who wish to practice in Australia is undertaken by a range of organisations. These organisations conduct assessments using a range of methods. However there is very little published about how these organisations conduct their assessments. The purpose of the current paper is to investigate the methods of assessment used by these organisations and the issues associated with conducting these assessments

Comparison of select kinetic models of herbicides degradation in soil

The aim of the paper was to used of three types of mathematical function: the single first-order degradation kinetics (SFO), Gustafson and Holden model (FOMC) and the simple linear bi-phase model, for quantification of the fate of pesticides in soil. For instance data from laboratory study of dissipation of atrazine in soil was used. Numerical methods using for estimate of structural coefficients of degradation models of this herbicide. For every models assessed the values of 50, 90 and 100% dissipation time of substance active. Mathematical equations and figures of first derivative of functions were presented as the analysis of atrazine degradation process. Accomplishment of estimate ade quately of using models. To the last degree of the kinetics criterions of degradation of substance active and the statistics criterions make good the Gustafson and Holden model. In this work find that analysis of degradation rate is valuable of study integration of kinetics degradation herbicides in soil

Growth kinetics of three clones of basket willow (Salix viminalis L.) depending on soil salinity

Przeprowadzono wstępne badania, dotyczące wpływu różnych dawek NaCl (poziomów zasolenia), dodawanych do podłoża glebowego na kinetykę wzrostu trzech klonów Salix viminalis L. W czasie wegetacji rośliny dwukrotnie podlewano roztworami chlorku sodu o stężeniach: 0 (kontrola); 1; 1,5; 2%. Miarą wzrostu były przyrosty długości i grubości pędów; oznaczono też suchą masę roślin. Do opisu procesów wzrostu najbardziej właściwa okazała się funkcja kwadratowa. Największą dynamiką wzrostu elongacyjnego charakteryzował się klon Bjor przy poziomie zasolenia 1%. Przy tym samym zasoleniu największe przyrosty grubości pędu miały klony Jorr i Tora. Ogólnie pod względem plonu suchej masy najbardziej tolerancyjnym na stres solny okazał się klon Jorr, a najmniej – klon Tora.Preliminary studies were conducted on the effects of various doses of NaCl (salinity levels) added to soil on the growth kinetics of three clones of Salix viminalis L. During vegetation the plants were treated twice with the solution of sodium chloride at the following concentrations: 0 (control); 1; 1.5; 2%. Growth was measured with increases in shoot length and thickness; dry matter was also determined. The growth process was best described with quadratic function. The highest elongation growth dynamics was noted for Bjor clone at 1% salinity level. At the same salinity the greatest stem thickness increase was observed in Jorr and Tora. As far as the dry matter yield was concerned, Jorr was found to be most tolerant to saline stress, while Tora – least tolerant

Ocena wybranych technik TCT w odwzorowywaniu rzeczywistych obiektów

Techniki przyspieszające procesy prototypowania oraz wytwarzania we współczesnym przemyśle oraz nauce są obiektem dużego zainteresowania. Zwiększająca się dostępność nowoczesnych technik skracania czasu sprawia, iż coraz częściej prowadzi się szereg badań mających na celu analizę efektywności zastosowania technologii TCT (Time-Compressing Technologies) w różnorodnych procesach. Celem niniejszej pracy jest przedstawienie oraz ocena wybranych technik przyspieszających wytwarzanie. Zakres pracy obejmuje przedstawienie ogólnego podziału technik TCT oraz ich krótką charakterystykę, omówienie technik Rapid Prototyping oraz Rapid Manufacturing, a także ocenę wykorzystania skanera 3D oraz druku 3D w procesie odwzorowywania rzeczywistych elementów. W pracy przedstawiono rezultaty badań mające na celu porównanie parametrów elementu wytworzonego za pomocą technik TCT z parametrami obiektu rzeczywistego.Rapid Prototyping and Rapid Manufacturing techniques are the subject of great interest in current industry and science. Increasing amount of modern TimeCompressing Technologies causes needs of conduct a lot of research in TCT efficiency analysis area in various processes. The article presents discussing and evaluation of selected Time-Compressing Technologies. First of all, the TCT – Rapid Prototyping and Rapid Manufacturing was outlined. Moreover, the evaluation of using 3D scanner and 3D printer in real objects modelling are presented. In the final part of the paper the authors presented and discussed parameters comparison of real object and model prepared by means of TCT