Bibliometric Analysis of Turkey’s Research Activity in the Anatomy and Morphology Category from the Web of Science Database

Objective: The measurement of international publication activities is one of the essential indicators used to evaluate the scientific development level of countries. Although many studies are using the bibliometric method in the literature, it is seen that there are very few bibliometric studies in the field of anatomy. This study aimed to analyze the articles bibliometrically which conducted by researchers at institutions from Turkey and indexed in Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-E) of the Web of Science database in the category of Anatomy and Morphology. Materials and Methods: According to 2019 data, journals in the Anatomy and Morphology category and indexed in the SCI-E were determined. Publications from Turkey that were published in these journals was determined. The full-texts of these articles were examined, and study types were defined. Also, VOSviewer software was used to create a collaboration and word co-occurrence network. Results: It was determined that there were 48,002 publications in 21 journals. It was found that 1,461 publications (3.04%) have at least one author from Turkey. The total number of citations was 11,728 for these publications. The average number of citations was 8.02±11.95. The radiological studies have increased statistically more than both experimental animal and cadaveric studies by years. In addition, it has been determined that the total number of articles, especially the radiological studies, has increased significantly over the years. Conclusion: The increase in the number of scientific studies in the field of anatomy is important in terms of the contribution of Turkey to literature in this area

Anatomy of the sacral hiatus and its clinical relevance in caudal epidural block

WOS: 000408728100001PubMed ID: 28247084Caudal epidural anesthesia (CEB) is widely used for the prevention of chronic lower back pain, the control of intraoperative analgesia such as genitourinary surgery and labor pain cases in sacral epidural space approach for the implementation of analgesia. CEB is an anesthetic solution used into the sacral canal via sacral hiatus (SH). For optimal access into the sacral epidural space, detailed anatomical landmarks of SH are required. This study aims at exploring the anatomical structures and differences of the SH by using the sacral bone as a guide point to failure criteria for reviewing the caudal epidural anesthesia and improving the criteria for success in practice. Detailed morphometric measurements of orientation points of the SH were taken in 87 sacral bones. The measurements were taken using digital calipers and calculated with photogrammetric methods using Image J program. Most commonly encountered shape of the SH was inverted U (33.33%), while 6.9% 3.45% often lack SH and bifida shape were found. The average length of the SH was 28.7 +/- 7.1 mm, the average distance of the intercornual distance was 13.48 +/- 2.69 mm, the average of the apex of SH and S2 sacral foramen was 34.68 +/- 7.09 mm. There was no statistically significant difference determined in bilateral measurements (p > 0.05). Apex and base of SH were most commonly observed against S4 and S5 vertebrae, respectively. The level of maximum curvature of sacrum was S3 in 62.07% and S4 in 28.78%. Findings of spina bifida level were found 16.13% often in L5-S1 segment. Sacral cornua were marked by their bilateral presence in 55.26% and impalpable in 21.05% cases. Minimum distance between the S2 and the apex of the SH was 7.25 mm which suggested that it would not be safe to push the needle beyond 7 mm into the sacral canal so as to avoid dural puncture. In 8.77% cases, the depth of hiatus was less than 3 mm. Single bony landmark may not help in locating the SH because of the anatomical variations. Important anatomical landmarks of the CEB are the sacral cornu, lateral sacral crests, the apex of the SH, the base of the SH, the top portion of the median sacral crest, anteroposterior distance of the sacral canal, intercornual distance, distance of the apex of the SH to the S2 foramina. Depth of hiatus less than 3 mm may be one of the causes for the failure of needle insertion. Surrounding bony irregularities, different shapes of hiatus and defects in dorsal wall of sacral canal should be taken into consideration before undertaking CEB so as to avoid its failure. This guide can be done by considering the points and securing a successful venture

Anatomic Characteristics of the Ophthalmic and Posterior Ciliary Arteries

WOS: 000261440100012PubMed ID: 19145133Background: There is little documentation of the course and relations of the ophthalmic artery (OA) and posterior ciliary arteries (PCAs). Methods: The anatomic characteristics of the OA and PCAs were determined from a dissection of 19 neoprene-injected cadaver heads. Results: The intraorbital OA had three segments, considering its relation to the optic nerve in the sagittal plane. The first segment extended from the point where the OA entered the orbit to its curving point. The second segment coursed superomedially from the inferolateral part of the optic nerve, crossing the optic nerve either superiorly or inferiorly. The third segment extended from the curving point of the superomedial distal portion of the second segment to the vessel's termination. The OA was deviated at the junction of its first and second segments, defined as its "angle"; and at the junction of the second and third segments, defined as its "bend." The PCAs arose from the first OA segment, the angle of the OA, the second OA segment and the OA bend. The patterns of branching of the PCAs were medial and lateral and medial, lateral, and superior. The superior PCA and the lateral PCA arose mainly from the angle of the OA, whereas the medial PCA arose from the curving point of the OA. The most frequently observed PCA pattern was a medial PCA and a lateral PCA. The average diameters of the medial PCA, the superior PCA, and the lateral PCA were 0.65, 0.48, and 0.68 mm, respectively. In all cases, pial arteries branching from the PCA and supplying the optic sheath were observed to form a vascular plexus on the optic sheath. The OA and PCAs were surrounded by a network of sympathetic nerves. Conclusions: Because the most common pattern of PCAs is a medial and lateral branch, a surgical approach to the orbit from those directions carries a higher risk of damage to those vessels than a superior or inferior approach

Arterial features of inner canthus region: Confirming the safety for the flap design

WOS: 000241002600009PubMed ID: 17003612The medial canthus represents a fixed-point fulcrum that is necesarry for eyelid function. The aim of the study was to investigate the arterial distribution of the inner canthus. The origin, calibration, and branches of the inner canthus arteries and their topographical relations were examined by dissecting 19 cadavers, injecting red latex to their corresponding 38 nasal sections before the dissection. The distance from the dorsal nasal artery to the inner canthus was found to be 7.2 +/- 0.3 mm. In this study, the average diameter of the dorsal nasal artery was 0.74 mm on the right side and 0.88 mm on the left. Concerning the course of dorsal nasal artery on the lateral side of the nose, 4 types were observed. In most of the examples (44.7%), dorsal nasal artery anastomosed with angular artery via thick branch and gave off supplying branches to the medial canthus and to the lateral side of the nose. Dorsal nasal artery is a vessel of satisfactory size and is potentially a good vascular source for a thin free flap. It may be an ideal flap to reconstruct the eyelid defect for texture and color similarity of the inner canthus skin. A better understanding of the inner canthus vascularity should allow modification of reconstructive techniques and reduce postoperative complications

Asterion as a surgical landmark for lateral cranial base approaches

WOS: 000242528700006PubMed ID: 16963269Introduction: When approaching the posterior fossa and posterolateral cranial base, surface landmarks are helpful in locating the junction of the transverse and the sigmoid sinus. Material and methods: On 100 skull halves a 2 mm drill bit was externally placed over the asterion and was drilled through the bone perpendicular to the skull surface. Various positions of the asterion and its distance from the root of the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, from the suprameatal crest and the mastoid tip were investigated. Results: The position of the asterion has been found to be located superficial to the transverse-sigmoid sinus junction in 87% of all samples, inferior to the transverse-sigmoid sinus junction in 11% and superior to the transverse-sigmoid sinus junction in 2%. The distance from the asterion to the root of the zvgoma has been determined to be 54.6 +/- 5.5 mm. The distance between asterion and Henle's spine was 45.2 +/- 5.2, and from asterion to Frankfurt Horizontal Plane 15 +/- 7.5 mm. Conclusion: Asterion varies regarding its cephalocaudal position. The findings of this study might have direct consequences for transmastoid and retrosigmoid approaches for microvascular trigeminal root decompression and combined petrosal approaches. (C) 2006 European Association for Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery

The arterial anatomy of the eyelid: importance for reconstructive and aesthetic surgery

WOS: 000244807400004PubMed ID: 17293279Purpose: The aim of the study was to investigate the arterial distribution of the eyelids. Methods: The location, course, length and diameter of eyelid arteries were determined in 19 preserved and latex injected adult mate cadaver heads. Results: The diameter of the medial. palpebral. artery was found to be 1.50 +/- 0.28 mm on the right, and 0.70 +/- 0.12 mm on the left. The diameter of the lateral palpebral artery was measured as 0.62 +/- 0.10 mm on the right, and 0.59 +/- 10.12 mm on the left. The medial palpebral. arteries travelling in the medial part of the eyelids usually arose as separate branches for the upper and lower lids, as superior and inferior medial. palpebrals. In all cases, four arterial arcades, the marginal, peripheral, superficial orbital, and the deep orbital arcades, were revealed in the upper palpebra. These arterial arcades gave off small perforating branches. The perforating branches were identified on both sides of the tarsal plate and the orbicularis muscle. In four cases (11%) visible arterial variation was found near the inferotateral, end of the levator palpebrae. Although many differences in the arterial features of the eyelid have been noted, there may not be a significant difference in the basic vasculature of the palpebra among races. A better understanding of the palpebral vascularity should allow modification of reconstructive techniques and reduce postoperative complications after eyelid surgery. (c) 2006 British Association of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Arterial vascularization of the extraocular muscles on its importance for orbital approaches

WOS: 000249894600028PubMed ID: 17912097The anatomic description of the arterial supply of the muscles of the eyeball was studied because medial and lateral approaches to the orbit to treat various disorders might severely damage the main trunk of the ophthalmic artery. The different arterial pedicles for each muscle, as well as their origins and points of penetration into the muscle, were studied in 19 male human orbits. In all cases, the muscular branches originated from the ophthalmic artery, and generally from the inferior face of this artery, just after crossing the optic nerve. The inferomedial muscular trunk arose from the distal of the ophthalmic artery (63.16%). The inferolateral muscular trunk, the superior oblique, levator palpebrae superioris, superior rectus, lateral rectus, and medial rectus arose from the lacrimal artery (43.36%), the bend of the ophthalmic artery (36.84%), the supraorbital artery (36.84%), the distal end of the ophthalmic artery (52.6%), the lacrimal artery (89.47%), and the inferomedial muscular trunk (84.51%), respectively. Complications resulting from damaging the artery can cause inadequacy in eye position, mobility, superior oblique function, or binocular vision, which are expected to be corrected postoperatively