Supports for Working Families: Work and Care Policies across Welfare States

Familienpolitik, Sozialpolitik, Sozialstaat, Eltern, Erwerbstätigkeit, Familie, Kinderbetreuung, Vereinigte Staaten, Westeuropa, Family policy, Social policy, Welfare state, Parents, Labour force participation, Family, Child care, United states, Western

Parental Leave Policies in 21 Countries: Assessing Generosity and Gender Equality

This report examines the parental leave policies in 21 high-income nations and identifies five "best practices" for parental leave policies. The study shows that the U.S. has the least generous leave policies of the 21 countries examined in the report. The states exhibiting the five best practices include Finland, France, Greece, Norway, Spain, and Sweden

Parental Leave Policies in 21 Countries: Assessing Generosity and Gender Equality

This report examines the parental leave policies in 21 high-income nations and identifies five "best practices" for parental leave policies. The study shows that the U.S. has the least generous leave policies of the 21 countries examined in the report. The states exhibiting the five best practices include Finland, France, Greece, Norway, Spain, and Sweden.parental leave

Child poverty in upper-income countries: Lessons from the Luxembourg Income Study

We draw on LIS' various resources to sketch a portrait of child poverty in upper-income countries. We first summarize past LIS-based scholarship on child poverty, highlighting studies that seek to explain cross-national variation in child poverty levels. Our empirical sections focus on child poverty in 13 upper-income countries. We begin with a descriptive overview of poverty among all households and among those with children, presenting multiple poverty measures (relative and absolute, pre- and post- taxes and transfers) and reporting the magnitude of poverty reduction due to state programs. We focus on within-country associations between child poverty and three important characteristics: family type, parents' educational attainment, and parents' attachment to paid work. Our main conclusions include: (a) child poverty rates vary markedly across the mostly high-income countries included in the LIS data archive; (b) child poverty rates shift over time in diverse ways; (c) within countries, family demography and parents' labor market engagement are the main factors that shape children's likelihood of living in a poor household; (d) taxes and transfers powerfully shape the economic wellbeing of children in all countries; (e) the factors that explain poverty variation within countries are not the same as those that explain poverty variation across countries; the latter are mainly institutional, including both labor market structures and policy configurations

Women and Part-Time Employment: Workers' 'Choices' and Wage Penalties in Five Industrialized Countries

This paper uses cross-nationally comparable data from the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) to analyze the patterns and consequences of part-time employment among women across five industrialized countries - Canada, Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom, and the United States - as of the middle 1990s. The results reveal the influence of dependent care responsibilities related to the presence of young children and elderly household members. We also find unadjusted part-time wage penalties everywhere, ranging from 8-12% in Canada and Germany, to 15% in the UK, to as high as 22% in the US and Italy, meaning that part-time workers earn that much less than full-time workers. The sources of the observed wage gaps vary markedly across countries; only in Germany do we find evidence of 'discrimination' against part-time workers

The time divide in cross-national perspective: The work week, gender and education in 17 countries

Prior empirical studies have found that American workers report longer hours than workers in other highly industrialized countries, and that the highly educated report the longest hours relative to other educational levels. This paper analyzes disparities in working hours by gender and education levels in 17 high- and middle-income countries in order to assess whether this finding holds cross-nationally. In contrast to many prior studies of working time, we use a measure of weekly rather than annual hours worked, which we argue provides a better window on the discretionary time available to individuals and households. We find that: 1) average weekly male hours in the United States do not appear exceptional, with averages exceeding 40 hours per week in both the U.S. and most western European countries; 2) U.S. women work longer hours than women in most other rich countries; 3) the within-country difference in average hours by education is not uniform, with higher-income countries more likely to show the U.S. pattern, and middle-income countries showing the reverse pattern, with the less educated reporting longer hours. We conclude by assessing some possible macro-level explanations for this variation, including per capita GDP, tax rates, unionization, and earnings inequality

Women's part-time wage penalties across countries

This paper investigates wage gaps between part- and full-time women workers in six OECD countries in the mid-1990s. Using comparable micro-data from the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS), for Canada, Germany, Italy, Sweden, the UK, and the US, the paper first assesses crossnational variation in the direction, magnitude, and composition of the part-time/full-time wage differential. Then it analyzes variations across these countries in occupational segregation between part- and full-time workers. The paper finds a part-time wage penalty among women workers in all countries, except Sweden. Other than in Sweden, occupational differences between part- and full-time workers dominate the portion of the wage gap that is explained by observed differences between the two groups of workers. Across countries, the degree of occupational segregation between female part- and full-time workers is negatively correlated with the position of part-time workers' wages in the full-time wage distribution

Child poverty in comparative perspective: Assessing the role of family structure and parental education and employment

This paper draws on the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) microdata to paint a portrait of child poverty across a diverse group of countries, as of 2004-2006. We will first synthesize past LIS-based research on child poverty, focusing on studies that aim to explain cross-national variation in child poverty rates. Our empirical sections will focus on child poverty in 20 high- and middle-income countries - including three Latin American countries, newly added to LIS. We will assess poverty among all households and among those with children, and using multiple poverty measures (relative and absolute, pre- and post- taxes and transfers). We will assess the effects of crucial micro-level factors - family structure, educational attainment, and labor market attachment - considering how the effects of these factors vary across counties. Finally, we will analyze the extent to which crossnational variation in child poverty is explained by families' characteristics and/or by the effects of (or returns to) those characteristics. Those returns encompass both market and state-generated income

Children, Poverty, and Public Policy: A Cross-National Perspective

This paper assesses child poverty in 24 high- and middle-income countries, using data from the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) Database. We assess poverty patterns using both relative and absolute poverty standards, to account for variation in income levels both within and across countries. We analyze poverty outcomes based on (i) market income (income "prior to" taxes and transfers), (ii) income from the market plus "family transfers", and (iii) total household income. This disaggregation gives us a window on the extent to which - and where - states use public policies to reduce market-generated poverty among children. To flesh out our analyses of poverty reduction based on microdata, we shift vantage points and take a brief look at the association between family benefits (both cash and tax breaks, using macro-data from OECD) and child poverty reduction (due to redistribution, based on the LIS microdata). After assessing poverty and poverty reduction among all children, we consider two crucial risk factors that, within countries, shape children's likelihood of being poor: family structure and parents' employment