NISP instrument thermal design, justification file and FEM study

This document describes the NISP thermal architecture and the justification of its design. The demonstration of the validity of such design in terms of meeting the baseline requirements relies on the results of the detailed thermal FEM analysis of the instrument. The thermal architecture is based on the Instrument PLM thermo-mechanical configuration and on the favourable conditions of the L2 thermal environment. For this reason the driving objective of the NIP thermal design is to maximize exploitation of passive cooling and instrument performances while minimizing design complexity. The analysis has been performed using a finite elements code (Abaqus). The NISP CAD model has been imported in the Abaqus environment and detailed with a fine mesh structure (around 105 nodes): both the conductive and radiative heat transfer in operational and non-operational conditions has been simulated in three main thermal cases, Hot, Nominal and Cold conditions. Results in terms of heat loads at the main internal and external interfaces are reported together with the temperature distribution of the instrument units. This document shall be used as a reference for the NISP thermal design and FEM simulation, as it contains a description of all assumptions and definitions for the model

Sperm quality improvement after natural anti-oxidant treatment of asthenoteratospermic men with leukocytospermia

Aim: To study the immune-modulating and anti-oxidant effects of beta-glucan, papaya, lactoferrin, and vitamins C and E on sperm characteristics of patients with asthenoteratozoospermia associated with leucocytosis. Methods: Fifty-one patients referred to our Sterility Center for semen analysis were selected. Sperm parameters were assessed before and after patient's treatment with beta-glucan, lactoferrin, papaya, and vitamins C and E. DNA damage was assessed by the acridine orange test and sperm structural characteristics were evaluated by transmission electron microscopy. Results: After 90 days of treatment, an increase in the percentage of morphologically normal sperm (17.0 ± 5.2 vs. 29.8 ± 6.5) and total progressive motility (19.0 ± 7.8 vs. 34.8 ± 6.8) were detected. Structural sperm characteristics as well as chromatin integrity were also improved after treatment. In terms of leukocyte concentration in seminal fluid, a significant reduction was recorded (2.2 ± 0.9 vs. 0.9 ± 0.2). Conclusion: The treatment of an inflammatory process by the synergic action of immune modulators and anti-oxidants could protect sperm during maturation and migration, leading to improved sperm function

Expression of selected genes related to energy mobilization and insulin resistance in dairy cows

The physiological and metabolic adaptation characterizing the transition period in the dairy cows is developed by a complex modulation of different metabolic pathways as well as the expression of selected tissue-specific gene. The aim of this study was to evaluate the age effect on expression of selected genes in adipose, hepatic and muscle tissues in dairy cows during their dry period using the quantitative Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR). Twenty-two pluriparous dairy cows were divided into 3 groups in relation to the age: Group A (38 \uc2\ub1 2 months); Group B (52 \uc2\ub1 2 months) and Group C (80 \uc2\ub1 8 months). Lower levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG) and higher levels of adiponectin (ADIPOQ) were found in adipose tissue in Group C than Groups A and B (P < 0.05). Higher levels of solute carrier family 2/facilitated glucose transporter member 4 (SLC2A4) were found in muscle in Group C than Group A (P < 0.001) and Group B (P < 0.05). The present study showed in dairy cows that the expression of selected genes associated with mobilization of energy and with insulin resistance are influenced by age demonstrating and highlighting the importance of a genomics approach to assess the metabolic status of dairy cows during the transition period

Adaptation of some energetic parameters during transition period in dairy cows

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of peripartum period and lactation class on serum β-hydroxybutyrate, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), insulin and glucose concentration in dairy cows. Thirty-five multiparous Holstein cows were selected from a high-producing dairy farm. The animals were divided according to their lactation class: second lactation group (L2, n = 16), third lactation group (L3, n = 10) and fourth lactation group (L4, n = 9). Blood sampling were performed 7 ± 5 days before calving (Pre/C) and 7 ± 5 days after calving (Post/C). Two-way analysis of variance was applied to determine significant effects of lactation class (L2, L3 and L4) and period (Pre/C and Post/C) on studied parameters. Increased NEFA values and lower insulin levels were found in Post/C respect to Pre/C in L2 and L4. These changes highlight the difficulty of dairy cows to cope with the energy demand characterizing the transition period. Improving in knowledge of energetic metabolism changes may help to supply a new strategy of farm management and reproductive performance in dairy cows during the transition period

Sinapic Acid Release at the Cell Level by Incorporation into Nanoparticles: Experimental Evidence Using Biomembrane Models

Sinapic acid (SA), belonging to the phenylpropanoid family, and its derivatives are secondary metabolites found in the plant kingdom. In recent years, they have drawn attention because of their various biological activities, including neuroprotective effects. In this study, SA was incorporated into two different nanoparticle systems, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC). The influence of different concentrations of SA on the nanoparticle systems was evaluated. It was studied the efficacy of the nanoparticle systems to release the active ingredient at cell level through the use of models of biological membranes represented by multilamellar vesicles (MLV) of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) and conducting kinetic studies by placing in contact SLN and NLC, both unloaded and loaded with two different amounts of SA, with the same biological membrane model. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used for these studies. The results indicated a different distribution of SA within the two nanoparticle systems and that NLC are able to incorporate and release SA inside the structure of the biological membrane model

Glucose infusion response on some metabolic parameters in dairy cows during transition period

Abstract. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of glucose tolerance test (GTT) on glucose, insulin, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and β-Hydroxybutyrate (BHB) concentration in dairy cows during prepartum and postpartum period. Forty Two clinically healthy Holstein cows were enrolled in two high producing dairy farms in the Northeast Italy. All animals were divided into two equal groups on the basis of the farm of origin: Group A (farm located in Vicenza) and Group B (farm located in Padua). Body condition score (BCS) was determined for both groups. GTT was performed 7 ± 5 days before and 7 ± 5 days after calving. Blood samples were collected from each animal before (T0) and after the administration of glucose at different times. Plasma concentration of glucose, insulin, NEFA and BHB was evaluated. Application of two way analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed no significant effect of farm and a significant effect of transition period (prepartum and postpartum) on BCS for both groups. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was applied to determine significant effects of infusion glucose time, transition period and farm on glucose, insulin, NEFA and BHB. No significant difference was observed between Groups A and B and a significant effect of transi tion period and glucose infusion was found on all parameters studied. Results confirm that glucose is an important direct controller of metabolic response in dairy cows during the transition period because of the inappropriate energetic supply that characterizing this physiological phases

PCOS Physiopathology and Vitamin D Deficiency: Biological Insights and Perspectives for Treatment

Recent literature has stressed the importance of vitamin D (VD) in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Women with PCOS are deficient in VD, particularly those with a higher weight. Hypovitaminosis is a risk factor for glucose intolerance, and reduced levels of VD is associated with insulin resistance and increased diabetes risk. Since women with PCOS and hirsutism seem to have lower levels of VD than women with PCOS without hirsutism, a correlation between VD deficiency and hyperandrogenism may be suggested. Interestingly, VD is crucial for many human physiological functions, including to counteract inflammation and oxidative stress. Some studies evaluated effects of VD supplementation on glucose homeostasis variables, hormonal status, lipid concentrations, and biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress among VD-deficient women. Moreover, VD has been shown to play a role in egg quality and fertility. This review aims to show the relationship between VD and the endocrine and metabolic profile of PCOS patients, as well as its implications for their fertility. The supplement of VD to the common therapy can lead to an improvement of the insulin resistance and lipid metabolism, a reduction of circulating androgens, as well as a better response to the induction of ovulation in PCOS women

Effect of levodopa on interleukin-15 and RANTES circulating levels in patients affected by Parkinson's disease.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is an extra-pyramidal neurodegenerative disorder, in which alterations of the immune system are involved. Interleukin (IL)-15 stimulates cellular immune response and induces growth and differentiation of various immune cells. RANTES, promoting leukocyte infiltration to sites of inflammation, mediates the trafficking and homing of immune cells. To clarify the potential effect of levodopa on the immunological network of PD, we analyzed IL-15 and RANTES serum levels in PD patients, treated or not with levodopa, and in healthy donors. Levodopa-treated patients showed significantly higher IL-15 and RANTES circulating levels with respect to healthy controls and higher, although not significantly, levels with respect to untreated patients. So, we hypothesize that the immunological alterations found in PD may be linked, at least in part, to levodopa therapy

Phenotypic plasticity, QTL mapping and genomic characterization of bud set in black poplar

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The genetic control of important adaptive traits, such as bud set, is still poorly understood in most forest trees species. Poplar is an ideal model tree to study bud set because of its indeterminate shoot growth. Thus, a full-sib family derived from an intraspecific cross of <it>P. nigra </it>with 162 clonally replicated progeny was used to assess the phenotypic plasticity and genetic variation of bud set in two sites of contrasting environmental conditions.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Six crucial phenological stages of bud set were scored. Night length appeared to be the most important signal triggering the onset of growth cessation. Nevertheless, the effect of other environmental factors, such as temperature, increased during the process. Moreover, a considerable role of genotype × environment (G × E) interaction was found in all phenological stages with the lowest temperature appearing to influence the sensitivity of the most plastic genotypes.</p> <p>Descriptors of growth cessation and bud onset explained the largest part of phenotypic variation of the entire process. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) for these traits were detected. For the four selected traits (the onset of growth cessation (date2.5), the transition from shoot to bud (date1.5), the duration of bud formation (subproc1) and bud maturation (subproc2)) eight and sixteen QTL were mapped on the maternal and paternal map, respectively. The identified QTL, each one characterized by small or modest effect, highlighted the complex nature of traits involved in bud set process. Comparison between map location of QTL and <it>P. trichocarpa </it>genome sequence allowed the identification of 13 gene models, 67 bud set-related expressional and six functional candidate genes (CGs). These CGs are functionally related to relevant biological processes, environmental sensing, signaling, and cell growth and development. Some strong QTL had no obvious CGs, and hold great promise to identify unknown genes that affect bud set.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>This study provides a better understanding of the physiological and genetic dissection of bud set in poplar. The putative QTL identified will be tested for associations in <it>P. nigra </it>natural populations. The identified QTL and CGs will also serve as useful targets for poplar breeding.</p