Policy Recommendations for Meeting the Grand Challenge to Eradicate Social Isolation

This brief was created forSocial Innovation for America’s Renewal, a policy conference organized by the Center for Social Development in collaboration with the American Academy of Social Work & Social Welfare, which is leading theGrand Challenges for Social Work initiative to champion social progress. The conference site includes links to speeches, presentations, and a full list of the policy briefs

Effects of Mechanical Restraint and Bioethical Implications in Europe: A Systematic Review

Introducción La contención mecánica (CM) es una práctica con prevalencia significativa, aunque actualmente existe controversia por sus efectos negativos y los dilemas bioéticos que suscita. El objetivo de esta revisión fue determinar la prevalencia y los efectos de la CM en pacientes, los dilemas éticos que provoca en personal sociosanitario, junto con la prevención y técnicas alternativas derivadas del intento de reducir la CM. Metodología La búsqueda sistemática se realizó en tres bases de datos: PubMed, Web of Science y Scopus, desde 2012 hasta la actualidad. Se seleccionaron los estudios relacionados con el ámbito sanitario y con los efectos, prevención y alternativas a la contención mecánica. Se excluyeron las revisiones sistemáticas, los estudios cualitativos, aquellos realizados en animales, los no disponibles en inglés o en español, los no finalizados y aquellos sin texto completo disponible. Resultados De los 115 artículos encontrados, se incluyeron 20 estudios que cumplieron los criterios de elegibilidad establecidos. Los efectos negativos varían desde la pérdida de autonomía hasta el riesgo de padecer tromboembolismo pulmonar. Los métodos de prevención y reducción de la contención mecánica más utilizados son la formación de los profesionales, el trabajo multidisciplinar y el plan individualizado de tratamiento entre otros. El empleo de nuevas estrategias, basadas en el uso de sistemas electrónicos de identificación temprana de factores de riesgo, podría contribuir en la prevención de la CM, aunque se precisan otros estudios. Conclusión Los estudios más antiguos se centran en los efectos de la CM, mientras que los más recientes muestran una clara orientación hacia la reducción y prevención de la misma. La cantidad de nuevos artículos sobre el uso de la CM se ve limitada por el predominio de temas actuales emergentes.Introduction Mechanical restraint (MR) is a fairly common practice despite the controversy surrounding its negative effects and the bioethical dilemmas it raises. The objective of this review is to determine the prevalence and effects of MR in patients, as well as the ethical dilemmas that its use poses for healthcare professionals, while shedding light on prevention and alternative techniques derived from efforts to reduce its use. Methodology A systematic search was performed from 2012 to the present in three databases: PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus. Studies related to the health field and to the effects, prevention and alternatives to MR were selected. Excluded studies were: systematic reviews, qualitative studies, studies tested in animals, studies in a language other than English or Spanish, unfinished studies and studies without online full-text access. Results Of 115 records found, 20 studies that met the established eligibility criteria were included. The negative effects go from loss of autonomy to risk of pulmonary thromboembolism. The most commonly used methods of prevention and reduction of MR include professional training, multidisciplinary work and individualized treatment plans. The implementation of new strategies based on the use of electronic systems for early identification of risk factors could contribute to prevent MR, although further studies are needed. Conclusions Past studies focused mainly on the effects of MR, whereas more recent studies show a clear focus on MR reduction and prevention. The number of new articles on the use of MR is limited due to emerging topics

Variability in Findings From Adult Protective Services Investigations of Elder Abuse in California.

Adult Protective Services (APS) workers in California investigate complaints of elder abuse and must determine the validity of a complaint with minimal guidelines. It is unclear whether APS workers reach similar conclusions given cases with similar circumstances. To assess variation in case findings and reasons for them, we used data from monthly reports of completed investigations, and investigation outcomes from all 58 California counties from September 2004 to August 2005, telephone interviews with 54 of 58 counties, and site visits to 17 counties. We also compared the data from 2004-2005 with more recent data from 2013. Large variability was found from county to county in the proportions of cases found to be conclusive, inconclusive, and unfounded. The combined analyses revealed significant differences in how individual APS workers interpret definitions of different types of case outcomes, varying skill and experience of the APS workers, individual and county agency factors, and other reasons that influence variability in case findings. Widespread inconsistencies in the outcomes of elder abuse investigations raise issues to be addressed on multiple levels, including the use of APS data for developing policy, standardizing training of APS workers, and seeking just outcomes for the victims of elder abuse

Variability in Findings From Adult Protective Services Investigations of Elder Abuse in California.

Adult Protective Services (APS) workers in California investigate complaints of elder abuse and must determine the validity of a complaint with minimal guidelines. It is unclear whether APS workers reach similar conclusions given cases with similar circumstances. To assess variation in case findings and reasons for them, we used data from monthly reports of completed investigations, and investigation outcomes from all 58 California counties from September 2004 to August 2005, telephone interviews with 54 of 58 counties, and site visits to 17 counties. We also compared the data from 2004-2005 with more recent data from 2013. Large variability was found from county to county in the proportions of cases found to be conclusive, inconclusive, and unfounded. The combined analyses revealed significant differences in how individual APS workers interpret definitions of different types of case outcomes, varying skill and experience of the APS workers, individual and county agency factors, and other reasons that influence variability in case findings. Widespread inconsistencies in the outcomes of elder abuse investigations raise issues to be addressed on multiple levels, including the use of APS data for developing policy, standardizing training of APS workers, and seeking just outcomes for the victims of elder abuse

The association between oral health literacy and failed appointments in adults attending a university-based general dental clinic.

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study is to determine the association between personal characteristics, a person's oral health literacy, and failing to show for dental appointments at a university dental clinic.MethodsA secondary data analysis was conducted on data collected from 200 adults at a university dental clinic between January 2005 and December 2006. In the original study, an oral health literacy instrument, the Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine and Dentistry (REALM-D), was administered, sociodemographic and health information seeking behavior was gathered, and electronic records were reviewed.ResultsDescriptive and bivariate analyses and a classification and regression tree (CART) analysis were conducted. Seeking health information through fewer sources vs. multiple sources was the strongest predictor of failing to show. The subjects' oral health literacy, as measured by the REALM-D List 3 score, was the next most significant variable. Classification and regression tree analyses also selected gender, chief complaint, age, and payment type as predictor variables.ConclusionsMultiple factors contribute to failing to show for dental appointments. However, individuals who use fewer sources of oral health information, a subset of health literacy skills, are more likely to fail to show for dental appointments

The Abuse Intervention Model: A Pragmatic Approach to Intervention for Elder Mistreatment.

Ten percent of older adults experience elder mistreatment, and it is much more common in older adults with dementia. It is associated with higher rates of psychological distress, hospitalization, and death and, in the United States, costs billions of dollars each year. Although elder mistreatment is relatively common and costly, it is estimated that fewer than 10% of instances of elder mistreatment are reported. Given these data, there is a great need for research on interventions to mitigate elder mistreatment and for a practical model or framework to use in approaching such interventions. Although many theories have been proposed, adapted, and applied to understand elder mistreatment, there has not been a simple, coherent framework of known risk factors of the victim, perpetrator, and environment that applies to all types of abuse. This article presents a new model to examine the multidimensional and complex relationships between risk factors. Theories of elder mistreatment, research on risk factors for elder mistreatment, and 10 years of experience of faculty and staff at an Elder Abuse Forensics Center who have investigated more than 1,000 cases of elder mistreatment inform this model. It is hoped that this model, the Abuse Intervention Model, will be used to study and intervene in elder mistreatment

The Abuse Intervention Model: A Pragmatic Approach to Intervention for Elder Mistreatment.

Ten percent of older adults experience elder mistreatment, and it is much more common in older adults with dementia. It is associated with higher rates of psychological distress, hospitalization, and death and, in the United States, costs billions of dollars each year. Although elder mistreatment is relatively common and costly, it is estimated that fewer than 10% of instances of elder mistreatment are reported. Given these data, there is a great need for research on interventions to mitigate elder mistreatment and for a practical model or framework to use in approaching such interventions. Although many theories have been proposed, adapted, and applied to understand elder mistreatment, there has not been a simple, coherent framework of known risk factors of the victim, perpetrator, and environment that applies to all types of abuse. This article presents a new model to examine the multidimensional and complex relationships between risk factors. Theories of elder mistreatment, research on risk factors for elder mistreatment, and 10 years of experience of faculty and staff at an Elder Abuse Forensics Center who have investigated more than 1,000 cases of elder mistreatment inform this model. It is hoped that this model, the Abuse Intervention Model, will be used to study and intervene in elder mistreatment

Assessing health literacy and oral health: preliminary results of a multi-site investigation.

OBJECTIVES: To introduce a multi-site assessment of oral health literacy and to describe preliminary analyses of the relationships between health literacy and selected oral health outcomes within the context of a comprehensive conceptual model. METHODS: Data for this analysis came from the Multi-Site Oral Health Literacy Research Study (MOHLRS), a federally funded investigation of health literacy and oral health. MOHLRS consisted of a broad survey, including several health literacy assessments, and measures of attitudes, knowledge, and other factors. The survey was administered to 922 initial care-seeking adult patients presenting to university-based dental clinics in California and Maryland. For this descriptive analysis, confidence filling out forms, word recognition, and reading comprehension comprised the health literacy assessments. Dental visits, oral health functioning, and dental self-efficacy were the outcomes. RESULTS: Overall, up to 21% of participants reported having difficulties with practical health literacy tasks. After controlling for sociodemographic confounders, no health literacy assessment was associated with dental visits or dental caries self-efficacy. However, confidence filling out forms and word recognition were each associated with oral health functioning and periodontal disease self-efficacy. CONCLUSIONS: Our analysis showed that dental school patients exhibit a range of health literacy abilities. It also revealed that the relationship between health literacy and oral health is not straightforward, depending on patient characteristics and the unique circumstances of the encounter. We anticipate future analyses of MOHLRS data will answer questions about the role that health literacy and various mediating factors play in explaining oral health disparities