539 research outputs found
Dark matter at viscous-gravitational Schwarz scales: theory and observations
The Jeans criterion for the minimum self-gravitational condensation scale is
extended to include the possibility of condensation on non-acoustic density
nuclei at Schwarz scales, where structure formation begins in the plasma epoch
at proto-supercluster masses about 10,000 years after the Big Bang, decreasing
to galaxy masses at 300,000 years. Then the plasma universe became relatively
inviscid gas and condensed to 10^23-26 kg "primordial fog particle" (PFP)
masses. Baryonic dark matter by this theory should be mostly non-aggregated
PFPs that persist in galactic halos. Schild (1996) suggests from quasar
Q0957+561 microlensing that "rogue planets" are "likely to be the missing mass"
of the lens galaxy. Non-baryonic dark matter composed of weakly interacting
massive particles (WIMPs) should condense slowly at large viscous Schwarz
scales to form galaxy supercluster halos, and massive galaxy cluster halos as
observed by Tyson and Fischer (1995) for the rich galaxy cluster Abel 1689.Comment: 8 page original for Conference Proceedings Dark '96, Heidelberg, 4
figures, PDF fil
The fluid mechanics of dark matter formation: Why does Jeans's (1902 & 1929) theory fail?
Jeans's (1902 & 1929) linear gravitational instability criterion gives truly
spectacular errors in its predictions of cosmological structure formation
according to Gibson's (1996) new nonlinear theory. Scales are determined by
viscous or turbulent forces, or by diffusivity, at Schwarz length scales L_SV,
L_ST, or L_SD, respectively, whichever is larger. By these new criteria, void
formation begins in the plasma epoch soon after matter dominates energy, at L
approx L_SV = (gamma nu / rho G)^1/2 scales corresponding to
protosuperclusters, decreasing to protogalaxies at the plasma-gas transition,
where gamma is the rate-of-strain of the expanding universe, nu is the
kinematic viscosity, rho is the density, and G is Newton's gravitational
constant. Condensation of the primordial gas occurs at mass scales a trillion
times less than the Jeans mass to form a `fog' of micro-brown-dwarf (MBD)
particles that persist as the galactic baryonic dark matter, as reported by
Schild (1996) from quasar-microlensing studies. Nonbaryonic dark matter
condensation is prevented by its enormous diffusivity at scales smaller than
L_SD = (D^2 /rho G)^1/2, where D is the diffusivity, so it forms outer halos of
galaxies, cluster-halos of galaxy clusters, and supercluster-halos.Comment: submitted to Astronomy and Astrophysic
Turbulence and fossil turbulence lead to life in the universe
Turbulence is defined as an eddy-like state of fluid motion where the
inertial-vortex forces of the eddies are larger than all the other forces that
tend to damp the eddies out. Fossil turbulence is a perturbation produced by
turbulence that persists after the fluid ceases to be turbulent at the scale of
the perturbation. Because vorticity is produced at small scales, turbulence
must cascade from small scales to large, providing a consistent physical basis
for Kolmogorovian universal similarity laws. Oceanic and astrophysical mixing
and diffusion are dominated by fossil turbulence and fossil turbulent waves.
Observations from space telescopes show turbulence and vorticity existed in the
beginning of the universe and that their fossils persist. Fossils of big bang
turbulence include spin and the dark matter of galaxies: clumps of ~ 10^12
frozen hydrogen planets that make globular star clusters as seen by infrared
and microwave space telescopes. When the planets were hot gas, they hosted the
formation of life in a cosmic soup of hot-water oceans as they merged to form
the first stars and chemicals. Because spontaneous life formation according to
the standard cosmological model is virtually impossible, the existence of life
falsifies the standard cosmological model.Comment: 12 pages, 4 figures, Turbulent Mixing and beyond 2011, 21 - 28 August
2011, Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste,
Ital
Fossils of turbulence and non-turbulence in the primordial universe: the fluid mechanics of dark matter
Was the primordial universe turbulent or non-turbulent soon after the Big
Bang? How did the hydrodynamic state of the early universe affect the formation
of structure from gravitational forces, and how did the formation of structure
by gravity affect the hydrodynamic state of the flow? What can be said about
the dark matter that comprises 99.9 % of the mass of the universe according to
most cosmological models? Space telescope measurements show answers to these
questions persist literally frozen as fossils of the primordial turbulence and
nonturbulence that controlled structure formation, contrary to standard
cosmology which relies on the erroneous Jeans 1902 linear-inviscid-acoustic
theory and a variety of associated misconceptions (e. g., cold dark matter).
When effects of viscosity, turbulence, and diffusion are included, vastly
different structure scenarios and a clear explanation for the dark matter
emerge. From Gibson's 1996 theory the baryonic (ordinary) dark matter is
comprised of proto-globular-star-cluster (PGC) clumps of hydrogenous planetoids
termed ``primordial fog particles''(PFPs), observed by Schild 1996 as ``rogue
planets ... likely to be the missing mass'' of a quasar lensing galaxy. The
weakly collisional non-baryonic dark matter diffuses to form outer halos of
galaxies and galaxy clusters.Comment: 4 pages, 1 figure, 8th European Turbulence Conference, Barcelona,
Spain, June 27-30, Conference Proceedings pape
Fossil turbulence and fossil turbulence waves can be dangerous
Turbulence is defined as an eddy-like state of fluid motion where the
inertial-vortex forces of the eddies are larger than any other forces that tend
to damp the eddies out. By this definition, turbulence always cascades from
small scales where vorticity is created to larger scales where turbulence
fossilizes. Fossil turbulence is any perturbation in a hydrophysical field
produced by turbulence that persists after the fluid is no longer turbulent at
the scale of the perturbation. Fossil turbulence patterns and fossil turbulence
waves preserve and propagate energy and information about previous turbulence.
Ignorance of fossil turbulence properties can be dangerous. Examples include
the Osama bin Laden helicopter crash and the Air France 447 Airbus crash, both
unfairly blamed on the pilots. Observations support the proposed definitions,
and suggest even direct numerical simulations of turbulence require caution.Comment: 17 pages 11 figures, for the Journal of Fluid Mechanics. arXiv admin
note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1203.581
Turbulence and diffusion: fossil turbulence
Fossil turbulence processes are central to turbulence, turbulent mixing, and
turbulent diffusion in the ocean and atmosphere, in astrophysics and cosmology,
and in most other natural flows. George Gamov suggested in 1954 that galaxies
might be fossils of primordial turbulence produced by the Big Bang. John Woods
showed that breaking internal waves on horizontal dye sheets in the interior of
the stratified ocean form highly persistent remnants of these turbulent events,
which he called fossil turbulence. The dark mixing paradox of the ocean refers
to undetected mixing that must exist somewhere to explain why oceanic scalar
fields like temperature and salinity are so well mixed, just as the dark matter
paradox of galaxies refers to undetected matter that must exist to explain why
rotating galaxies don't fly apart by centrifugal forces. Both paradoxes result
from sampling techniques that fail to account for the extreme intermittency of
random variables involved in self-similar, nonlinear, cascades over a wide
range of scales; turbulent vorticity for dark mixing, and accreting
small-planetary-mass MACHO number density for dark matter.Comment: 13 pages, 4 figures, Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences, MS 138: pdf file
of final version revised to include reviewer's comments, plus correction
A fluid mechanical explanation of dark matter
Matter in the universe has become ``dark'' or ``missing'' through
misconceptions about the fluid mechanics of gravitational structure formation.
Gravitational condensation occurs on non-acoustic density nuclei at the largest
Schwarz length scale L_{ST}, L_{SV}, L_{SM}, L_{SD} permitted by turbulence,
viscous, or magnetic forces, or by the fluid diffusivity. Non-baryonic fluids
have diffusivities larger (by factors of trillions or more) than baryonic
(ordinary) fluids, and cannot condense to nucleate baryonic galaxy formation as
is usually assumed. Baryonic fluids begin to condense in the plasma epoch at
about 13,000 years after the big bang to form proto-superclusters, and form
proto-galaxies by 300,000 years when the cooling plasma becomes neutral gas.
Condensation occurs at small planetary masses to form ``primordial fog
particles'' from nearly all of the primordial gas by the new theory, Gibson
(1996), supporting the Schild (1996) conclusion from quasar Q0957+651A,B
microlensing observations that the mass of the lens galaxy is dominated by
``rogue planets ... likely to be the missing mass''. Non-baryonic dark matter
condenses on superclusters at scale L_{SD} to form massive super-halos.Comment: 3 pages, no figures, original of published paper in Dark Matter 1998
UCLA Conference Proceeding
Turbulence, turbulent mixing, and gravitational structure formation in the early Universe
Turbulence and turbulent mixing of temperature powered the big bang formation
of the universe at Planck length, time, and temperature scales. Planck-Kerr
inertial-vortex forces balanced Planck gravitational forces to produce Planck
(particle-pair) gas, Planck-gas turbulence and space-time-energy. Inflation at
the strong force temperature fossilized the turbulence. Gluon-neutrino-photon
bulk viscous forces exceeded gravitational and inertial-vortex forces of the
baryonic (ordinary) matter during the radiation dominated hot plasma epoch, and
large diffusive velocities of the weakly interacting nonbaryonic dark matter
(possibly neutrinos) prevented gravitational structure formation of this
material, contrary to the 1902 Jeans acoustic criterion and "cold dark matter"
models. The first plasma structures were proto-galaxy-super-cluster fragments
and voids triggered by turbulent-viscous-gravitational masses matching the
horizon mass at time 10^12 s. The last plasma structures formed were
proto-galaxies. At the 10^13 s plasma-gas transition, the proto-galaxies
fragmented to form proto-globular-star-cluster clumps of earth-mass
primordial-fog-particles (PFPs) that now comprise the baryonic dark matter.
Observational evidence of PFPs is provided by young globular star clusters
formed when galaxies merge, thousands of cometary knots seen around dying
stars, and the rapid twinkling of lensed quasar images.Comment: Keynote paper for BSME-ASME Conference on Thermal Engineering, 31
Dec. 2001 to 2 Jan. 2002, Dhaka, Bangladesh. 12 pages 8 figures, pdf file.
Revision removes typos and includes discussion of "dark ages" hypothesis of
Jeans-CDM model
Turbulence and mixing in the early universe
The role of turbulence and turbulent mixing in the formation and evolution of
the early universe is examined. A new quantum-gravitational-dynamics model
suggests that the mechanism of the hot big bang is functionally equivalent to
the mechanism of turbulence, where an inertial-vortex force at Planck scales
matches the Planck gravitational force and drives the formation of
space-time-energy and the formation of more Planck particles, more spinning
Planck-Kerr particles, and a big bang turbulence cascade to larger scales
before cooling to the strong force freeze out temperature. Temperature
fluctuations between the Planck temperature and strong force temperature are
mixed by turbulence to give a Corrsin-Obukhov spectral form. Inflation
fossilizes the turbulent temperature fluctuations by stretching them beyond the
horizon scale of causal connection ct, where c is light speed and t is time.
Fossil temperature turbulence fluctuations seed anisotropies in the
nucleosynthesis of light elements, causing density fluctuations that seed the
first formation of gravitational structure in the matter dominated
hydrogen-helium plasma: proto-voids at galaxy supercluster scales. Evidence of
the proposed big bang turbulence event and first gravitational structure
formation is provided by the spectral form of the cosmic microwave temperature
fluctuations, which have been misinterpreted as sonic.Comment: Keynote paper for International Conference on Mechanical Engineering,
Dhaka, Bangladesh, Dec. 26-28, 2001. 9 pages, 9 figures, pdf file. Revision
removes typos, includes headers, and adds a figure to discuss a
reinterpretation of the BOOMERANG 2001 CMB peaks as reflecting
protogalaxycluster void
Hydro-gravitational fragmentation, diffusion and condensation of the primordial plasma, dark-matter and gas
The first structures were proto-voids formed in the primordial plasma.
Viscous and weak turbulence forces balanced gravitational forces when the scale
of causal connection at time 30,000 years matched the viscous and turbulent
Schwarz scales of hydro-gravitational theory (Gibson 1996). The photon
viscosity allows only weak turbulence from the Reynolds number Re = 200, with
fragmentation to give proto-supercluster voids, buoyancy forces, fossil
vorticity turbulence, and strong sonic damping. The expanding, cooling, plasma
continued fragmentation to proto-galaxy-mass with the density and
rate-of-strain preserved as fossils of the weak turbulence and first structure.
Turbulence fossilization by self-gravitational buoyancy explains the cosmic
microwave background temperature fluctuations, not sonic oscillations in
cold-dark-matter fragments. After plasma to gas transition at 300,000 years,
gas fragmentation occurred within the proto-galaxies to form
proto-globular-star-cluster (PGCs) clouds of small-planetary-mass
primordial-fog-particles (PFPs). Dark PGC clumps of frozen PFPs persist as the
inner-galaxy-halo dark matter, supporting Schild's 1996 quasar-microlensing
interpretation. Non-baryonic dark matter diffused into the plasma
proto-cluster-voids and later fragmented as outer-galaxy-halos at diffusive
Schwarz scales, indicating light, weakly-collisional fluid particles (possibly
neutrinos). Observations support the theory (Gibson and Schild 2003).Comment: 22 pages, 2 figures, update for PAS
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