Comparative Analysis of Hybrid Desalination Technologies Powered by SMR

Small modular reactors (SMRs) represent a key area of interest to nuclear industry developers, which have been making significant progress during the past few years. Generally, these reactors are promising owing to their improved safety due to passive systems, enhanced containment efficiency, and fewer capital costs in comparison to traditional nuclear reactors. An important advantage of SMRs is their adaptability in being coupled to other energy-consuming systems, such as desalination plants (DPs) to create a cogeneration plant. Considering the serious challenges regarding the freshwater shortage in many regions of the world and the necessity of using low-carbon energy sources, it is advantageous to use SMR for supplying the required heat and electricity of DPs. As a high-performance desalination technology, the hybrid desalination (HD) systems can be exploited, which retain the advantages of both thermal and membrane desalination methods. In this study, several SMR coupling schemes to HD plants have been suggested. In performing a thermodynamic analysis of integrated SMR-DP, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Desalination Thermodynamic Optimization Program (DE-TOP) has been utilized. It has been found that the use of relatively hot water from the SMR condenser leads to about 6.5 to 7.5% of total desalination cost reduction, where the produced electricity and hot steam extracted from low-pressure turbine were used to drive the HD system

Contribution a l'etude de la propagation de la lumiere dans les fibres optiques : application, etude de l'influence du rayon de courbure sur le mode de propagation d'une fibre optique monomode

SIGLECNRS T Bordereau / INIST-CNRS - Institut de l'Information Scientifique et TechniqueFRFranc

Survey Exemplified koocar In sura kocar In the narrative narratives Shia and Sunni

In order to deal with some of the crimes, Islam considers some ways which one of them is the establishment of the criminal laws. These laws including several stages to be approveed, are based on the education of individuals and the community. To legislate the law, it is needed some different process; for instance, the passing of the preparatory stages. Then, it is time to execute Islamic punishment enjoying its own ethical requirements. The current paper tries to present an appropriate role model in legislation system through analysis of Islamic methodology in the introduction of and howness of educational and legislative process. It also tries to explain ethical requirements that are needed in executing prescribed punishments. The results can be categorized into two stages: the first, in the level of legislation; the second in the level of execution. The first stage includes four principals, e.g. the rule of the prevention, treatment, gradual training and giving information to the man. The second level possesses the principle of education, paying attention to the culprit’s rights and conditions of forgiveness in Islam during

INFLUENCES OF THIAMINE AND/OR ASCORBIC ACID ON LEAD INTOXICATION

The effects of thiamine, ascorbic acid ami their combination an workers who are continuously exposal to lead has been investigated. In this study 60 persons in a Battery industry was selected and divided into four equal groups. Group I received placebo, group II thiamine (300 mg), group III ascorbic acid (250 mg) anil group IV thiamine (300 mg) plus ascorbic acid (250 mg) three times a day (Orally). At beginning of the study and after one month of above drug regimen; blood, urine and a questionnaire about their clinical signs were examined. 'there were no significant differences between blood anil urine lead level in all groups after treatment. Zinc protoporphyrin (zpp) level showed a significant reduction in ascorbic acid treated group (group III) as compared to pretreatment. Clinical manifestation improved in the group that received both vitamins (group IV). However, from a clinical stand point, it appears the usage of these vitamins may have a beneficial effects in lead occupational exposure

Thermo-economic Assessment of the Possible Desalination Processes for the Second Block of Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant

Nowadays, the problem of supplying fresh water to scarcer regions of the world is still acute. The seawater desalination has been touted as the main solution of closing the water gap in the Middle East and North Africa. However, seawater desalination is expensive and energy-intensive and influences the environment, extremely. Using nuclear power is a viable alternative energy resource to decrease the set of problems of consuming fossil fuels in the desalination plants. Iran, which is located in the arid belt of the eastern hemisphere, as a member state of IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency) has announced his interest in the implementation of dual-purpose nuclear desalination in the existing nuclear power plant of the country. The Bushehr nuclear power plant is the first commercial nuclear reactor in the Middle East and can be used as a multi-purpose atomic complex to meet the demand for energy and supply of water to arid regions in the south of the country. This paper performs a thermo-economic assessment study for different desalination strategies in the second block of Bushehr NPP

Nuclear desalination in Iran, current status and perspectives

Nuclear power can be categorized as a clean energy source for producing electricity and supplying the required energy to a desalination plant, promising less atmospheric emission in comparison to fossil fuels. Considering the fact that fresh water-related issues are acute in many countries of the world, the utilization of desalination technologies seems to be the key solution to these problems. Desalination processes are known to be “energy-intensive”, emphasizing the potential advantages of its integration to a nuclear power plant in mediumto large-scale seawater desalination projects. The demand for electricity and fresh water in Iran compels the country to search for a feasible option. We suggest nuclear desalination as a suitable alternative, in which the recovered heat can be used in thermal desalination systems. In this article, the status of currently operating desalination plants and future developments are described. Several possible schemes for coupling nuclear power plant and fossil fuel-based plants with desalination technologies are suggested and some thermo-economic analysis (based on the specific characteristics of the country) are presented. Results of calculations reveal some advantages of nuclear desalination complex and its competitiveness with other options. It should be noted that the research has been conducted by cooperation of two SPbPU PhD students with Iranian citizenship

Feasibility of hybrid desalination plants coupled with small gas turbine CHP systems

The global freshwater demand is continuously increasing. Nowadays several technologies are available for desalination processes and widely employed, but these processes consume a considerable amount of energy and involve almost high capital and operating costs. The possibility of coupling a small gas turbine combined heat and power system (GT CHP) with hybrid desalination plants (HDPs) has been assessed in this study. The proposed gas turbine power generation system is based on single stage radial machines and uncooled expansion. This approach, with a power system up to about 5 MWe, along with the simplicity of the design and the lower level of technologies with respect to the classical gas turbine configuration leads to reasonable installation costs of the power generating plant. However, the drawback is a lower electric efficiency, which is supposed to be compensated with the aid of an effective combined power and heat utilization system. Regarding the desalination technologies, a hybrid desalination technique can be considered as a method, which increases the overall efficiency of the desalination plant (DP). The hybrid technology is based on the use of two different desalination technologies, e.g. Reverse Osmosis (RO) and a thermal desalination process (Multi-Stage Flash, MSF or Multi-Effect Distillation, MED) which makes it possible to add the advantages of both methods. From the energy consumption point of view, the hybrid system is an ideal solution for efficiently using the overall gas turbine combined heat and power production capability. Some technical and economic indicators of the HDPs in conjunction with the proposed GT CHP energy conversion system are evaluated and compared with the main thermal and membrane desalination technologies. For each case, the amount of produced fresh water and the corresponding costs are computed and compared in order to demonstrate how the hybrid desalination technology associated to small Gas Turbine CHP systems overcomes the stand alone ones

Implementing Large-Scale Hybrid Desalination System Driven by Alfred Reactor and Parabolic-Trough Solar Power Plant, Equipped with Phase Change Material Storage System: The Case of Emirate

Response to the increasingly serious problems of global water risk in many arid regions of the planet has become a critical concern to governments. One of the best solutions to overcome the water shortage is using large-scale seawater desalination facilities. Currently, in many Western Asia countries with vast non-renewable resources, the fossil-fuel based power plants are considered as the dominant energy sources for driving the desalination plants (DPs). Considering numerous problems with fossil fuels, most of the water-scarce governments over the world are developing the long-term energy strategy of the country based on using sustainable and renewable energies. In this study, a techno-economic evaluation of hybrid DP powered by the Advanced Lead Fast Reactor European Demonstrator (ALFRED) and solar power plant (SPP), equipped with latent thermal storage system is conducted. The obtained results express that almost, 60% of required thermal energy for driving the thermal DP can be obtained by SPP

A set of transient correlations for fast and unprotected loss of flow accident in VVER-1000 reactor using single-heated channel approach and Gene Expression Programming

Artificial intelligence methodologies along with human observations in the main control room of nuclear power plants can be applied for predictive analysis and accident detection in the early phase of accidents. This study set out with the aim of assessing the importance of accumulated information in the early phase of a fast and unprotected Loss of Flow Accident (LOFA) for exploring the behavior of significant operating parameters in the reactor. In this study, various fast and unprotected LOFA scenarios are numerically simulated using a single-hearted approach to generate a comprehensive dataset in a forward direction. The nondimensional transient dataset including inlet mass flux and outlet temperature of the core has been given to the Gene Expression Programming (GEP) algorithm for developing a set of correlations at different moments after initiating the accident. The Multi Time-Step Data (MTSD) and Single Time-Step Data (STSD) approaches have been used to extract the required correlations from the generated dataset. Mean Square Error (MSE) and coefficient of determination are used to measure the error of each approach. The most striking result to emerge from the computed results is that the MTSD approach based on trigonometric functions has exceptionally high prediction accuracy (MSE<10-5). Overall, the obtained results show that the GEP algorithm can be used as a powerful tool for generating a set of transient correlations with high accuracy to identify the progress in a fast and unprotected LOFA