Performance Modelling and Analysis of Mobile Wireless Networks

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Analysis and performance evaluation of resource management mechanisms in heterogeneous traffic cognitive radio networks

Abstract In this paper, the Erlang capacity achieved by the separate or joint use of several resource management mechanisms commonly considered in the literature (spectrum aggregation, spectrum adaptation, call buffering, channel reservation, selective interruption, and preemptive prioritization) to mitigate the effects of secondary call interruptions in cognitive radio networks (CRNs) is evaluated and compared. Heterogeneous traffic is considered, and service differentiation between real-time and elastic (data) traffic is done in terms of their different delay tolerance characteristics. The aim of our investigation is to identify the most relevant resource management mechanisms to improve the performance of the considered networks. As such, both the individual and joint effect of each resource management mechanisms on system performance are evaluated with the objective of comparing the gains in capacity achieved by each resource management mechanism studied in this work. For this purpose, the different resource management mechanisms studied are carefully combined and, for each resulting strategy, optimization of its configuration is presented to maximize the achievable Erlang capacity. For the performance evaluation of the considered strategies in heterogeneous traffic CRNs, a general teletraffic analysis is developed. Numerical results show that spectrum adaptation and call buffering are the mechanisms that best exploit the elasticity of delay-tolerant traffic in heterogeneous traffic CRNs and, therefore, most significantly improve system performance

Performance analysis of dynamic spectrum leasing strategies in coordinated cognitive radio networks

Abstract In this paper, dynamic and anticipated resource leasing strategies to address the problem of leased resource availability are investigated. Then, network performance analysis is developed, and the performance evaluations of different leasing strategies (namely permanent, dynamic, and anticipated leasing strategies) are provided for some network scenarios. The developed mathematical model additionally considers non-homogeneous bandwidth requirement, where different primary users (PUs) and secondary users (SUs) may require a number of channels. The tradeoff between spectrum leasing cost and system Erlang capacity (defined as the maximum offered traffic for which all the QoS requirements are guaranteed) is also investigated. Specifically, the maximum Erlang capacity is obtained by optimizing the number of reserved channels for different traffic scenarios considering a maximum allowed number of simultaneously rented channels. Also, the minimum achievable cost per Erlang is obtained by considering a fractional number of leased channels. Additionally, the cost per Erlang of capacity as function of both the utilization factor of the primary resources and the maximum allowed number of simultaneously rented channels is evaluated. Numerical results demonstrate that system performance strongly depends on the value of the mean secondary service time relative to the mean primary service time. Also, numerical results show that the cost of leasing a spectrum band is drastically reduced (compared to the permanent leasing strategy) when dynamic spectrum leasing strategies are employed

Modeling and performance analysis for mobile cognitive radio cellular networks

Abstract In this paper, teletraffic performance and channel holding time characterization in mobile cognitive radio cellular networks (CRCNs) under fixed-rate traffic with hard-delay constraints are investigated. To this end, a mathematical model to capture the effect of interruption of ongoing calls of secondary users (SUs) due to the arrival of primary users (PUs) is proposed. The proposed model relies on the use of an independent potential interruption time associated with the instant of possible interruption for each ongoing call in every visited cell. Then, a Poisson process is used to approximate the secondary users’ call interruption process due to the arrival of PUs. Based on this model and considering that unencumbered service time (UST) and cell dwell time (CDT) of SUs are independent generally distributed random variables, analytical formulae for both the probability distributions of channel holding times and inter-cell handoff attempts rate are derived. Also, a novel approximated closed-form mathematical expression for call forced termination probability of SUs is derived under the restriction that the UST is exponentially distributed. Additionally, by considering all the involved time variables exponentially distributed and employing fractional channel reservation to prioritize intra- and inter-cell handoff call attempts over new call requests, a queuing analysis to evaluate the call-level performance of CRCNs in terms of the maximum Erlang capacity is developed. The accuracy of our proposed mathematical models is extensively investigated under a variety of different evaluation scenarios for all the considered call-level performance metrics. Numerical results demonstrate that channel holding time statistics are highly sensitive to both interruption probability of ongoing secondary calls and type of probability distribution functions used to model CDT and UST. From the teletraffic perspective, numerical results reveal that the system Erlang capacity largely depends on the relative value of the mean secondary service time to the mean primary service time and the primary channels’ utilization factor. Also, the obtained results show that there exists a critical utilization factor of the primary resources from which it is no longer possible to guarantee the required quality of service of SUs and, therefore, services with hard-delay constraints cannot be even supported in CRCNs

Relationship among resonant frequencies of Sierpinski multiband fractal antennas

In this paper, the relationships between the different resonance frequencies of Sierpinski fractal antennas of four-iterations are studied. In particular, Sierpinski fractal antennas with operating frequencies of the initial triangle of 250 MHz, 350 MHz and 530 MHz were designed and built. The antennas are made of copper tablets with bakelite substrate. The performance of the designed antennas is measured in terms of return losses. The return losses are obtained experimentally with a “RFX” system that measures antenna parameters in conjunction with a network analyzer. These results are compared with numerical simulations of commercial finite-element program that analyzes high frequency electromagnetic structures “HFSS”. Experimental and simulation results show that there is approximately a factor of 2 between the resonance frequencies of the first and second iterations and the second and third iterations

Relationship among resonant frequencies of Sierpinski multiband fractal antennas

In this paper, the relationships between the different resonance frequencies of Sierpinski fractal antennas of four-iterations are studied. In particular, Sierpinski fractal antennas with operating frequencies of the initial triangle of 250 MHz, 350 MHz and 530 MHz were designed and built. The antennas are made of copper tablets with bakelite substrate. The performance of the designed antennas is measured in terms of return losses. The return losses are obtained experimentally with a “RFX” system that measures antenna parameters in conjunction with a network analyzer. These results are compared with numerical simulations of commercial finite-element program that analyzes high frequency electromagnetic structures “HFSS”. Experimental and simulation results show that there is approximately a factor of 2 between the resonance frequencies of the first and second iterations and the second and third iterations

Design of a Microstrip Bowtie Antenna for Indoor Radio-Communications

In this paper, a microstrip bowtie patch antenna (MBPA) for wireless indoor communications is carried out. Here, a microstrip transmission-line feed network was designed in order to match the MBPA. The proposed antenna uses a ground plane with the aim of narrowing down the back lobes in comparison with bowtie sheet antennas, which radiation pattern is omni-directional. The far-field pattern of the antenna was simulated using a finite-element numerical algorithm and obtained by interpolation employing near-field equipment. The experimental results are described in detail intending to agree well with the simulated predictions. The antenna was designed, measured and built and its far field performance was evaluated with a 2.11 GHz resonant frequency. The azimuth and elevation antenna patterns, antenna gain and, the matching frequency were the main parameters obtained to analyze the antenna behaviour. The antenna has a gain approximately equal to 8.77 dBi and its beam-widths are higher than 100° in E plane

Design of a Microstrip Bowtie Antenna for Indoor Radio-Communications

In this paper, a microstrip bowtie patch antenna (MBPA) for wireless indoor communications is carried out. Here, a microstrip transmission-line feed network was designed in order to match the MBPA. The proposed antenna uses a ground plane with the aim of narrowing down the back lobes in comparison with bowtie sheet antennas, which radiation pattern is omni-directional. The far-field pattern of the antenna was simulated using a finite-element numerical algorithm and obtained by interpolation employing near-field equipment. The experimental results are described in detail intending to agree well with the simulated predictions. The antenna was designed, measured and built and its far field performance was evaluated with a 2.11 GHz resonant frequency. The azimuth and elevation antenna patterns, antenna gain and, the matching frequency were the main parameters obtained to analyze the antenna behaviour. The antenna has a gain approximately equal to 8.77 dBi and its beam-widths are higher than 100° in E plane

Performance Sensitivity to the High-Order Statistics of Time Interval Variables in Cellular Networks

Cell dwell time (DT) and unencumbered interruption time (IT) are fundamental time interval variables in the teletraffic analysis for the performance evaluation of mobile cellular networks. Although a diverse set of general distributions has been proposed to model these time interval variables, the effect of their moments higher than the expected value on system performance has not been reported in the literature. In this paper, sensitivity of teletraffic performance metrics of mobile cellular networks to the first three standardized moments of both DT and IT is investigated in a comprehensive manner. Mathematical analysis is developed considering that both DT and IT are phase-type distributed random variables. This work includes substantial numerical results for quantifying the dependence of system level performance metrics to the values of the first three standardized moments of both DT and IT. For instance, for a high mobility scenario where DT is modeled by a hyper-Erlang distribution, we found that call forced termination probability decreases around 60% as the coefficient of variation (CoV) and skewness of DT simultaneously change from 1 to 20 and from 60 to 2, respectively. Also, numerical results confirm that as link unreliability increases the forced termination probability increases while both new call blocking and handoff failure probabilities decrease. Numerical results also indicate that for low values of skewness, performance metrics are highly sensitive to changes in the CoV of either the IT or DT. In general, it is observed that system performance is more sensitive to the statistics of the IT than to those of the DT. Such understanding of teletraffic engineering issues is vital for planning, designing, dimensioning, and optimizing mobile cellular networks