Evolución institucional y jurídica del MERCOSUR

Presenta un cuadro amplio sobre el funcionamiento institucional del bloque que abarca el período anterior a la existencia del agrupamiento subregional, haciendo referencia a los acuerdos bilaterales firmados por Argentina y Brasil que sentaron las bases para la conformación del Mercado Común del Sur. El trabajo de Garnelo describe la estructura y el funcionamiento institucional del MERCOSUR y los relaciona con el proceso de consolidación y perfeccionamiento de la Unión Aduanera. En este contexto, hace referencia a la necesidad de internacionalización de las normas creadas por el proceso de integración y a las dificultades que ocasiona la demora en el cumplimiento de este requisito fundamental por parte de los países miembros. Asimismo, aborda el Protocolo de Brasilia y el tema de resolución de controversias, sin descuidar otras cuestiones relacionadas con el acceso a los mercados de los países miembros, la defensa de las condiciones de competencia, la defensa de los consumidores, el perfeccionamiento de la política comercial común del bloque, las prácticas desleales y las salvaguardas respecto de terceros países. Finalmente, el estudio trata cuestiones relevantes en el proceso de integración que van desde la Unión Aduanera al Mercado Común, así como aspectos relacionados con la defensa y seguridad subregional, medio ambiente, salud, educación, cultura y ciencia y tecnología. Esta publicación es de utilidad para aquellas personas interesadas en la dimensión jurídico institucional del MERCOSUR, particularmente los especialistas en Derecho Comunitario, funcionarios públicos, estudiantes de distintos niveles del proceso de integración, empresarios, entre otros

Does Early Decompressive Craniectomy Improve Outcome? Experience from an Active UK Recruiter Centre

Introduction. The results of the recent DECRA study suggest that although craniectomy decreases ICP and ICU length of stay, it is also associated with worst outcomes. Our experience, illustrated by these two striking cases, supports that early decompressive craniectomy may significantly improve the outcome in selected patients. Case Reports. The first patient, a 20-year-old man who suffered severe brain contusion and subarachnoid haemorrhage after a fall downstairs, with refractory ICP of 35 mmHg, despite maximal medical therapy, eventually underwent decompressive craniectomy. After 18 days in intensive care, he was discharged for rehabilitation. The second patient, a 23-year-old man was found at the scene of a road accident with a GCS of 3 and fixed, dilated pupils who underwent extensive unilateral decompressive craniectomy for refractory intracranial hypertension. After three weeks of cooling, paralysis, and neuroprotection, he eventually left ICU for rehabilitation. Outcomes. Four months after leaving ICU, the first patient abseiled 40 m down the main building of St. Mary’s Hospital to raise money for the Trauma Unit. He has returned to part-time work. The second patient, was decannulated less than a month later and made a full cognitive recovery. A year later, with a titanium skull prosthesis, he is back to part-time work and to playing football. Conclusions. Despite the conclusions of the DECRA study, our experience of the use of early decompressive craniectomy has been associated with outstanding outcomes. We are currently actively recruiting patients into the RESCUEicp trial and have high hopes that it will clarify the role of the decompressive craniectomy in traumatic brain injury and whether it effectively improves outcomes

39 HOUSE: Marco de trabajo modular de arquitectura escalable y desacoplada para el uso de técnicas de fuzzing en HPC

El fuzzing es una técnica de prueba automatizada que hace uso de mutaciones de entradas para ejecutar el software utilizando estas a fin de observar los valores de retorno y el estado externo del sistema; todo ello para identificar comportamientos no esperados. Por su simpleza y fácil automatización inicial, el fuzzing es una de las técnicas más populares para identificar vulnerabilidades en software en el mundo real. El uso de técnicas de fuzzing como parte del desarrollo de software en grandes compañías ha acelerado la evolución de las técnicas y mejorado las herramientas, como contrapartida muchos proyectos quedan huérfanos de sus desarrolladores originales, al ser captados por estas empresas y todas aquellas características con potencial uso comercial, son restringidas al ámbito privado o son dependientes de nubes propietarias. Esto supone una barrera inicial para nuevos desarrollos, una posible dependencia tecnológica de terceros y problemas de confidencialidad de los datos para adoptar modelos seguros de desarrollo o realizar investigaciones. Las investigaciones sobre fuzzing y las nuevas herramientas tienen en común partir desde cero o una base teórica y focalizarse en una característica o funcionalidad. Por todo lo anterior resulta valioso desarrollar un marco de trabajo común que de coherencia y continuidad de forma global abordando el fuzzing como un flujo con distintas fases, organizando todos los procesos implicados, incluyendo también aquellos con relación directa, de forma modular, abierta y agnóstica a las herramientas y técnicas. Con ello se potencia la reutilización y se elimina la dependencia a herramientas o casos de uso, a la vez que permiten sinergias con otros enfoques de seguridad en el software. El uso de una arquitectura desacoplada y escalable permite la Distribucion y paralelización de trabajos. Esta arquitectura es ideal para entornos de computación de alto rendimiento en adelante HPC ( high-performance computing por su traducción al inglés) o basados en cargas de trabajo. El código fuente y la documentación empleada para la prueba de concepto se encuentra disponible públicamente en GitHub

DET1-mediated COP1 regulation avoids HY5 activity over second-site gene targets to tune plant photomorphogenesis

DE-ETIOLATED 1 (DET1) and CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENESIS 1 (COP1) are two essential repressors of Arabidopsis photomorphogenesis. These proteins can associate with CULLIN4 to form independent CRL4-based E3 ubiquitin ligases that mediate the degradation of several photomorphogenic transcription factors, including ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5), thereby controlling multiple gene-regulatory networks. Despite extensive biochemical and genetic analyses of their multi-subunit complexes, the functional links between DET1 and COP1 have long remained elusive. Here, we report that DET1 associates with COP1 in vivo, enhances COP1-HY5 interaction, and promotes COP1 destabilization in a process that dampens HY5 protein abundance. By regulating its accumulation, DET1 avoids HY5 association with hundreds of second-site genomic loci, which are also frequently targeted by the skotomorphogenic transcription factor PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR 3. Accordingly, ectopic HY5 chromatin enrichment favors local gene repression and can trigger fusca-like phenotypes. This study therefore shows that DET1-mediated regulation of COP1 stability tunes down the HY5 cistrome, avoiding hyper-photomorphogenic responses that might compromise plant viability.This work was supported by a Ramon y Cajal (RYC-2014-16308) grant funded by the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad to S.F. Work by S.F. in F.B.’s lab was supported by the COST Action CA16212 INDEPTH (European Union). Work in V.R.'s laboratory was funded by the Agencia Estatal de Investigación/Fondo Europeo de Desarollo Regional/European Union (BIO2016-80551-R and PID2019-105495GB-I00). Work in F.B.'s lab was supported by CNRS EPIPLANT Action (France) and funded by Agence Nationale de la Recherche grants ANR-10-LABX-54, ANR-18-CE13-0004-01, ANR-17-CE12-0026-02 (France) and by Velux Stiftung (Switzerland). B.G.G. is funded by President's International Fellowship Initiative postdoctoral fellowship (no. 2020PB0082) from the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and is the recipient of a Talent-Introduction grant (Chinese Postdoctoral International Exchange Program).Peer reviewe

Mercosul aos dez anos: crise de crescimento ou perda de identidade?

O texto analisa a trajetória de uma década do Mercosul e suas perspectivas de médio prazo em suas dimensões econômica e político-institucional, com ênfase aos reflexos de injunções internas e externas para o desempenho das duas principais economias do bloco e às respostas dos respectivos governos às oportunidades e constrangimentos para a consolidação do bloco.<br>The text analyses the course of Mercosur along its first decade as well as its mid-term perspectives in economic, polical and institutional terms, with emphasis on the consequences of internal and external injunctions to the performance of its two main economies and the responses of the respective governments to opportunities and restraints towards the bloc's consolidation

Effects of Extender Type, Storage Time, and Temperature on Bull Semen Parameters

Seminal parameters can be evaluated in situ, or samples can be delivered to a diagnostic centre. How storage conditions affect ejaculates up to evaluation is unclear. We assessed, in 25 commercial bulls electroejaculated in the field, the impact of time until evaluation (0–2 h, 4–6 h, and 24 h post-ejaculation), holding temperature (5 °C vs. room temperature), and extender (AndroMed®, BIOXcell® or INRA96®) on semen quality. Acrosome integrity, sperm viability and morphology, CASA-total and progressive motility, pH, and colony-forming units were assessed. Semen quality was preserved for up to 4–6 h post-ejaculation, except for INRA96® at 5 °C. Regardless of extender or temperature, motility decreased from 4 to 6 h up to 24 h, with the best values obtained with BIOXcell® at 5 °C. pH differed from 4 to 6 h up to 24 h, acidifying when stored at room temperature. Microbiological load was stable over time with AndroMed® and BIOXcell®, and increased at room temperature with INRA96®. Our results suggest that AndroMed® and BIOXcell® can preserve semen quality for up to 6 h, either at 5 °C or room temperature, while INRA96® only at room temperature. These results help to fix adequate protocols for short-term storage and shipment of bovine semen collected under field conditions.Sin financiación5.079 JCR (2020) Q1, 16/93 Biology1.731 SJR (2020) Q1, 21/299 Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous)No data IDR 2019UE

Effect of Milk-Feeding Frequency and Calcium Gluconate Supplementation on Growth, Health, and Reproductive and Metabolic Features of Holstein Heifers at a Rearing Farm

2024 Descuento MDPIWe compared the effects of milk-feeding in 288 Holstein calves (72 per group) which were fed twice (2F) or thrice (3F) daily, with or without the addition of hydrogenated fat-embedded calcium gluconate (G) supplemented in the starter food and in the daily diet up to the age of 9 months, on the calves’ metabolism, growth, health, and reproductive efficiency up to first pregnancy. The calves received 6 L of milk replacer (130 g/L) and had ad libitum access to water and textured calf starter with or without gluconate. Gluconate supplementation promoted a “catch-up” in growth in supplemented calves compared to their counterparts that did not receive gluconate. Gluconate appeared to reduce animal metabolic stress during key events, such as weaning and transfer into open-door pens, reducing fructosamine (352.61 vs. 303.06 in 3FG and 3F, respectively; p = 0.028) and urea (3F revealed the highest values compared with the other three groups: 19.06 for 3F vs. 13.9 (2F), 13.7 (2FG), and 14.3 (3FG), respectively, p = 0.002) from weaning onwards. The feeding of dairy calves with milk replacer three rather than two times per day tended to be associated with better health from weaning to 4 months old; parameters such as ultrasound lung score and calf health score improved over time (p < 0.001). Thrice-daily feeding with milk replacer tended to reduce the number of artificial inseminations per pregnancy in heifers by 0.2 points (p = 0.092). We confirmed significant correlations between early health and growth parameters and reproductive efficiency and a positive correlation between body weight and average daily weight gain and the thickness of the back fat layer in young heifers (r = 0.245; p < 0.0001; r = 0.214; p < 0.0001 respectively). Our study was conducted on a commercial farm with reasonably effective animal management, so baseline welfare was likely satisfactory.Simple Summary: Female calves are the future, in terms of production, in every Holstein herd. Therefore, optimum rearing enhances productivity. Rearing dairy heifers involves important aspects of their early life that can affect their future efficiency. One of these key issues is nutrition management. Appropriate nutrition management impacts genetic performance, calf growth, and future productive and reproductive outcomes, as has been previously demonstrated in the literature. Traditionally, the recommended feeding strategies for dairy calves stipulate two daily milk replacement meals in a restricted diet. However, studies regarding feeding times point out different results in terms of efficiency, growth, and health in Holstein calves. We studied the effect of increasing feeding times (three instead of two per day) but with the same amount of milk replacer daily. Moreover, we included a supplementation of calcium gluconate to study its impact on growth, health, and productive and reproductive indexes in calves. We aimed to enhance welfare and digestive health early in life, expecting to induce positive medium- and long-term effects in the heifers. In fact, we observed a “catch-up” in the growth of calves since weaning, where supplementation with calcium gluconate appeared to reduce animal metabolic stress. We indeed observed a decreasing trend in the number of artificial inseminations per pregnancy, by 0.2 points, in heifers fed with milk replacer thrice daily. Finally, we confirmed significant correlations between early health and growth and reproductive efficiency. Although the medium- and long-term effects of these novel strategies were relatively weak, these management schemes seem to be promising for heifer rearing.Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España)Depto. de Medicina y Cirugía AnimalDepto. de Producción AnimalFac. de VeterinariaTRUEpubDescuento UC

Effect of Extender, Storage Time and Temperature on Kinetic Parameters (CASA) on Bull Semen Samples

CASA kinetic parameters are often evaluated in a diagnostic centre. How storage conditions affect ejaculates up to evaluation is unclear. We assessed, in 25 commercial bulls electroejaculated in the field, the impact of time until evaluation (0–2 h, 4–6 h, and 24 h post-ejaculation), holding temperature (5 °C vs. room temperature), and extender (AndroMed®, BIOXcell® or INRA96®) on CASA kinetic parameters. Total and progressive motility, VCL, VAP, VCL, ALH, BCF, STR, LIN, and WOB were assessed. CASA kinetic parameters were preserved for up to 4–6 h post-ejaculation, except for AndroMed®. Regardless of extender or temperature, motility decreased from 4–6 h up to 24 h, with the best values obtained with BIOXcell® at 5 °C. Our results suggest that BIOXcell® can preserve sperm motility for up to 6 h, either at 5 °C or room temperature, and also INRA96® at room temperature, with motility assessments and the percentage of the most rapid sperms being the lowest with INRA96® at 5 °C. The kinetic parameters decreased when analyses were performed at 24 h. Therefore, we suggest evaluating seminal quality as soon as possible, before 6 h after collection. These results help to fix adequate protocols for the short-term storage and shipment of bovine semen collected under field conditions.Sin financiación5.079 JCR (2020) Q1, 16/93 Biology1.731 SJR (2020) Q1, 21/299 Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous)No data IDR 2019UE

Integration & Trade Journal: Volume 15 : No. 33 : July-December, 2011

The Integration & Trade Journal includes articles on the different aspects of integration in Latin America and the Caribbean, on hemispheric integration and, furthermore, on similar processes in other parts of the world. The Journal issued a call for the submission of papers that reviewed regional integration processes in Latin America and the Caribbean. This issue includes a collection of the many papers submitted. The titles include: Why it is Worth Rethinking Latin American Integration?; Financial Cooperation within the Context of South American Integration: Current Balance and Future Challenges; The Relevance of LAIA; The Andean Integration Process: Origins, Transformations and Structures; 20 Years on: The Achievements and Pending Challenges of MERCOSUR; MERCOSUR and the Challenges of its Joint Trade Policy: Achievements and Shortcomings of a Process of Incomplete Communitarization; Increasing the Trade Related Capacity of CARICOM Firms in a Post-Crisis Global Economy: The Role of Standards and Regulations; Caribbean Integration: A Rules of Origin Perspective. There's also a special section on Latin American Trading Blocs: Between Reality and Utopia, and a series of interviews to Patrick Low, Anabel González, Ganeshan Wignaraja, and Alejandro Krell.