310 research outputs found

    Vulnerability and Resilience Determinants of under-five mortality changes in Zambia

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    Trends in under-five mortality were favorable in Zambia in the twelve years following independence (1964-1975), as a result of favorable political and economic context and generous health, education and social policies, largely financed by the exports of copper minerals, the main economic resource of the country. In 1975, the international prices of copper decreased suddenly, and exports of copper continued to diminish in volume. This created a tremendous economic shock to the country, and seriously affected both the state budget and private income. During the long-lasting economic crisis, income per capita was strongly reduced, and most economic indicators collapsed or were strongly reduced as well: imports, agricultural production, private and public consumption, savings, and industrial investments. The health sector was also affected: health expenditures declined, imports of medical drugs and supplies declined, and as a result of declining salaries some physicians left the country. School attendance was reduced somewhat later, in the 1980’s, and had long term effect on the mean level of education of adult women. Under-five mortality increased in the years following the copper crisis, up to a maximum in year 1992, after which under-five mortality went down again, despite a significant impact of HIV/AIDS. A regression model indicates that most of the increase in mortality after discounting for the effect of HIV/AIDS is attributable to the direct and indirect effects of the copper crisis and the declining income. Both trend analysis and regression analysis indicate that mortality in 1992 was more than double what it should have been in the context of a regular health transition and positive economic development. The mortality decline after 1992 seems to be due to the resumption of the health transition, the implementation of new health policies, and continuous investments in health personnel and health infrastructure. These changes occurred in the context of structural adjustment policies. Issues about vulnerability and resilience are discussed in light of economic and political choices made in the earlier periods and recent changes in policies. Key Words: Under-five mortality, Mortality trends, Economic crisis, Copper price, Economic policies, Health policies, Structural adjustment policies, Education, Nutritional status, HIV/AIDS, Malaria, Developing countries, sub-Saharan Africa, Zambia.Zambia, Sub-Saharan Africa, developing countries, malaria, HIV/AIDS, nutritional status, education, structural adjustment policies, health policies, Economic policies, copper price, economic crisis, Mortality trend, Under-five mortality

    A century of nuptiality decline in South Africa: A longitudinal analysis of census data

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    The study uses data from eight censuses conducted between 1970 and 2011 to reconstruct long term trends in terminal celibacy in South Africa. The cohort analysis covers those born between 1870 and 1971. Results show a quasi-stable prevalence of terminal celibacy for cohorts born before 1920, followed by a steep rise. Levels and trends were notably different for the four population groups. Black/Africans had the highest level at endpoint (50% celibate), despite lower levels at onset, followed by Coloured (34%). Indian/Asian had the lowest level at endpoint (14%). White/European had highest levels at onset, and intermediate values at endpoint (17%). Differences were large by ethnicity, Zulu and Swazi having the highest prevalence of terminal celibacy (60%). Correlations with development were complex, with higher values among persons with lower education, and those living in urban areas, and lower values among those who were employed. Overall, cultural factors dominated the rise in terminal celibacy in South Africa

    Indicateurs de richesse des ménages : implications pour l'étude des relations avec les paramètres démographiques et la mesure des inégalités

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    L’Ă©tude prĂ©sente un indicateur absolu de richesse moderne des mĂ©nages, dĂ©fini comme la somme des biens et services modernes possĂ©dĂ©s. Il est testĂ© sur les donnĂ©es d’enquĂŞtes dĂ©mographiques conduites au SĂ©nĂ©gal. Cet indicateur est fortement corrĂ©lĂ© avec les paramètres dĂ©mographiques de fĂ©conditĂ©, mortalitĂ©, nuptialitĂ© et de niveau d’instruction : plus de richesse moderne correspond Ă  une plus faible fĂ©conditĂ©, Ă  une plus faible mortalitĂ©, ainsi qu’Ă  un âge au mariage et Ă  un niveau d’instruction plus Ă©levĂ©s. Les propriĂ©tĂ©s de l’indicateur de richesse moderne sont explorĂ©es en comparant les rĂ©sultats obtenus avec plus ou moins de rubriques, et en le comparant Ă  un indicateur relatif calculĂ© sur des composantes principales. Il peut aussi servir Ă  mesurer les inĂ©galitĂ©s entre mĂ©nages et entre populations. On y oppose un indicateur de richesse traditionnelle des mĂ©nages ruraux, dĂ©fini par la terre et le cheptel, et standardisĂ© par la taille du mĂ©nage. Mais, les corrĂ©lations de l’indicateur de richesse traditionnelle avec les paramètres dĂ©mographiques sont l’inverse de celles obtenues avec l’indicateur de richesse moderne

    Observatoires du développement, observatoires pour le développement

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    Les observatoires démographiques existent depuis le début du XXe siècle. Ils ont été populaires après la Seconde Guerre mondiale dans certains pays d'Asie et d'Afrique. Ils permettent de fournir une information précieuse sur divers paramètres démographiques et ont ouvert la voie à de nombreuses recherches fondamentales et appliquées. Cependant, ils ont leurs limitations méthodologiques. Ils sont par nature limités dans le temps et dans l'espace et donc ne peuvent prétendre remplacer des systèmes exhaustifs d'information tels que ceux qui sont en place dans les pays développés. De plus, ils ont un coût financier important et exigent une rigueur méthodologique continue et un engagement sans faille des chercheurs, conditions qui sont difficiles à maintenir pendant de longues périodes. De plus, l'observation d'une réalité changeante est par nature ambiguë. Elle ne se justifie que si elle participe d'une manière ou d'une autre au changement social et au développement socio-économique, ce qui contredit déjà la notion d'observation. Les problèmes éthiques deviennent encore plus cruciaux lorsqu'il s'agit d'interventions dirigées, comme les interventions médicales et les essais thérapeutiques. Quelles sont alors les nouvelles contraintes qui pèsent sur le chercheur, surtout dans le cas où il est confronté à des résultats négatifs ? (Résumé d'auteur

    L'Ă©valuation des politiques et programmes de population

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    Analyse de la fécondité en Algérie par la méthode des correspondances

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    Garenne Michel. Analyse de la fécondité en Algérie par la méthode des correspondances. In: Population, 34ᵉ année, n°1, 1979. pp. 196-203

    Situations of fertility stall in sub-Saharan Africa

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    A comparative study of fertility trends since 1950 in 30 countries from sub-Saharan Africa revealed several cases of “fertility stall”, that is a change from downward fertility trends to flat- or even slightly rising- trends for some time, usually a few years: Ghana (1998-2003), Kenya (1995-2003), Madagascar in urban areas (1987-1993), Nigeria (1999-2003), Rwanda in rural areas (1999-2005), Tanzania in rural areas (1995-2004). In a first part, the paper presents the statistical evidence of changes in fertility trends. In a second part, the analysis focuses on possible causes of these changes. Fertility stalls were often associated with changes in two proximate determinants (contraceptive use and age at marriage) and in two socio-economic correlates (income and labour force participation). The paper concludes to a variety of situations leading to different causality in the various countries, including one case (Ghana) for which no reasonable explanation could be found from the available data
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