Urogynecologic conditions: pelvic organ prolapse.

Chronic pelvic pain is a commonly encountered condition that often is multifactorial. Etiologies include gynecologic, urologic, gastrointestinal, and neurologic conditions. Laboratory tests, imaging, and surgical intervention are not always helpful in identifying the etiology of pelvic pain. For appropriate management of this complex disease process, a detailed history and physical examination, and a multidisciplinary approach are needed. Pelvic pain may be caused by endometriosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, adenomyosis, interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome, or other factors. Evaluation may include keeping a pain diary; laboratory tests, such as a pregnancy test, urinalysis, or tests for sexually transmitted infections; ultrasonography of abnormalities detected on physical examination; and laparoscopy. Specific first-line treatments include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and oral contraceptives for endometriosis; progestins, gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs, aromatase inhibitors, or hysterectomy for adenomyosis; and education, food avoidance, and behavioral modifications for interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome. Surgical options include nerve transection procedures, laparoscopic uterosacral nerve ablation, and presacral neurectomy, although data on effectiveness are limited

Diagnosis and surgical treatment of stress urinary incontinence.

Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is a major problem affecting more than 20% of the nation\u27s female population, with increasing prevalence as our population continues to age. Incontinence places a great burden on individuals, and the economic effect is large. Stress urinary incontinence occurs when there is involuntary leakage of urine during coughing, laughing, sneezing, or physical activity. It can be diagnosed during physical examination and by using low-cost office diagnostics. Although nonsurgical treatments provide some benefit, surgical interventions have demonstrated superiority with respect to subjective and objective cure and better long-term improvement. Corrective surgeries for SUI can be grouped into four categories: 1) slings (midurethral slings and slings placed at the ureterovesical junction), 2) retropubic urethropexy, 3) urethral bulking agents, and 4) artificial sphincters. The success and failure of each approach needs to be assessed in the context of individual patients and their circumstances. Slings and retropubic urethropexy are considered first-line surgical options. Since the advent of minimally invasive retropubic midurethral slings such as the tension-free vaginal tape, transobturator tension-free vaginal tape, and single-incision sling, retropubic urethropexy have fallen out of favor. Warnings about mesh use may contribute to a resurgence of retropubic urethropexy procedures such as the Burch procedure. A Burch procedure should still be considered for patients who have an aversion to mesh or if they are undergoing concurrent abdominal approach surgery. Urethral bulking agents are usually reserved for patients with a fixed, nonmobile urethra who cannot tolerate an operative experience or have failed previous antiincontinence procedures. Artificial sphincters should be considered an operation of last resort