L'engagement dans le jeu de rôle (analyse interactionnelle et didactique des jeux de rôles en Français Langue Etrangère à Hong Kong)

Pas ou peu de travaux ont étudié les jeux de rôles comme interactions à part entière. Cette thèse se propose de le faire en démontrant que le jeu de rôle improvisé pratiqué en classe de Français Langue Etrangère constitue un type particulier d'interaction verbale de par sa complexité. En effet, demander à des étudiants de s'engager dans un jeu de rôle, c'est demander à des personnes ayant une identité et une culture propres de jouer un rôle qui n'est pas le leur dans la vie quotidienne, de fabriquer du début à la fin un scénario plausible qui plaise au public, et ce, tout en restant des apprenants...None or few studies on role-plays have so far considered them as interactions as such. The present thesis precisely aims to demontrate that improvised role-play practiced in a french as a foreign language class is one particular type of verbal interaction because of it's complexity...ROUEN-BU Lettres (764512101) / SudocSudocFranceF

Pachycynodon sp. 2 Schlosser 1888

<i>Pachycynodon</i> sp. 2 <p>(Fig. 2D)</p> <p>NEW MATERIAL. — UM VD18, right d4.</p> <p>REMARKS</p> <p> Specimen UP MGB9 (Fig. 2B 1-B 3) is a small left d4 with elongate crown and low trigonid. thre is a small height difference between the trigonid cuspids, and distal wall of the protoconid gently sloping distally. The inflated metaconid is looking larger than the paraconid in lingual view and almost as high as the protoconid, and gently sloping distally. The thinner paraconid is less inflated than in other species of <i>Pachycynodon</i>, and projected up and mesially. The contact between paraconid and metaconid is at the base of the crown, and thus the trigonid valley is open lingually. The talonid is long and broad with a flat bottom. The hypoconid is developed as a small cuspid connected to the protoconid by a very low and non-oblique cristid obliqua. The buccolingually compressed entoconid is connected without interruption to the metaconid by a low preentocristid. There is a small hypoconulid distally. Specimen UM VD16 is a small right d4 similar to MGB9 (Fig. 2C 1-C 3). The third d4, UM VD18 (<i>Pachycynodon</i> sp. 2), is slightly different in its more swollen cuspids, exaggerating the characters of <i>Pachycynodon</i>, but the overall pattern is the same (Fig. 2D 1-D 3). The low trigonid with swollen cuspids, amongst which the heights are similar, is a character of <i>Pachycynodon</i>. The talonid differs by the higher and more robust hypoconid (size: MGB9 = 6.5 × 3 mm; VD16 = 5.4 × 2.7; VD18 = 8 × 4.2 mm).</p> <p> These d4s differ from all m1 of <i>Pachycynodon</i> by their smaller size (Table 2), the shape of the paraconid, the low contact between paraconid and metaconid and the shape of the broad talonid. Compared to the d4 LPL13 (Fig. 2A 4, A 5) they display the same pattern but are smaller (MGB9 and VD16) and relatively thicker (VD18). It is at present not possible to identify the species of <i>Pachycynodon</i> corresponding to these milk teeth.</p>Published as part of <i>Bonis, Louis de, Gardin, Axelle & Blondel, Cécile, 2019, Carnivora from the early Oligocene of the ' Phosphorites du Quercy' in southwestern France, pp. 601-621 in Geodiversitas 41 (15)</i> on page 611, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2019v41a15, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/3694209">http://zenodo.org/record/3694209</a&gt

Mustelictis olivieri Bonis 1997

Mustelictis aff. olivieri Bonis, 1997 (Figs 4 C-E, G; 5F) TYPE SPECIMEN. — Holotype: skull, UP MGB60, by author designation; paratype: hemi-mandible, UP MGB 7. NEW MATERIAL. — Left m1, LPL11; left fragment of hemi-mandible, UP LPL12; right m1, UM VBOA 3-4; fragment of right hemi-mandible p2-p4, UM VD 12; left P4, VBO 494. REMARKS The holotype and paratype of the species come from Mas de Got (MP 22). A skull and a hemi-mandible (paratype) were figured by Bonis (1997: figs 1, 2). New research has recovered additional specimens in other localities. DESCRIPTION The premolars are present in UP LPL12 and UM VD 12 and all of them have cutting mesial and distal edges. The p2 is dissymmetric, the mesial part being smaller than the distal one and having a more sloping mesial edge, the distal one finishing by a small upturned spur at its base. The p3, less dissymmetric than p2, displays a mesial spur; distally there is a small talonid with a small fovea surrounded by a low cristid; there is also a small pacd at mid-height on the distal edge (Fig. 4G 1, G 2). The p4 is similar to p3 but is larger. The carnassial is very similar to that of the type of M. olivieri but the talonid is less narrow. The m2 is larger than in the type in both absolute size and relative to m1; it has a complete trigonid with high protoconid and metaconid and small but clear paraconid, and a narrow talonid (Fig. 4B). The isolated P4 (VBO 494) figured by Peigné et al. (2014: fig. 22a) is close to that of the type specimen from Mas de Got, with a mesio-lingually elongate protocone finishing by a conic cusp, a buccal cingulum and a small mesial bulging representing a parastyle (Fig. 5F). These remains are close to the material of M. olivieri (Fig. 4F 1, F 2) but the small differences lead us to be cautious about the identification. They could be due to a small difference in the geological age between two localities of MP 22.Published as part of Bonis, Louis de, Gardin, Axelle & Blondel, Cécile, 2019, Carnivora from the early Oligocene of the ' Phosphorites du Quercy' in southwestern France, pp. 601-621 in Geodiversitas 41 (15) on pages 614-615, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2019v41a15, http://zenodo.org/record/369420

Eofelis Kretzoi 1938

Genus <i>Eofelis</i> Kretzoï, 1938 <p> TYPE SPECIES. — <i>Pseudaelurus</i> <i>edwardsi</i> Filhol, 1872.</p>Published as part of <i>Bonis, Louis de, Gardin, Axelle & Blondel, Cécile, 2019, Carnivora from the early Oligocene of the ' Phosphorites du Quercy' in southwestern France, pp. 601-621 in Geodiversitas 41 (15)</i> on page 618, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2019v41a15, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/3694209">http://zenodo.org/record/3694209</a&gt

Palaeogale Meyer 1846

Genus <i>Palaeogale</i> Meyer, 1846 <p> TYPE SPECIES. — <i>Mustela minuta</i> Gervais, 1848-1852 by original designation.</p>Published as part of <i>Bonis, Louis de, Gardin, Axelle & Blondel, Cécile, 2019, Carnivora from the early Oligocene of the ' Phosphorites du Quercy' in southwestern France, pp. 601-621 in Geodiversitas 41 (15)</i> on page 618, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2019v41a15, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/3694209">http://zenodo.org/record/3694209</a&gt

Pachycynodon sp. 1 Schlosser 1888

Pachycynodon sp. 1 (Fig. 2B, C) NEW MATERIAL. — UP MGB9, left d4; UM VD16, right d4.Published as part of Bonis, Louis de, Gardin, Axelle & Blondel, Cécile, 2019, Carnivora from the early Oligocene of the ' Phosphorites du Quercy' in southwestern France, pp. 601-621 in Geodiversitas 41 (15) on page 610, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2019v41a15, http://zenodo.org/record/369420

Mustelictis major Teilhard 1915

Mustelictis cf. major (Teilhard, 1915) (Fig. 4A) TYPE SPECIMEN. — Holotype by monotypy in Teilhard 1915: 60, pl. V, fig. 9; MNHN.F.QU9133. NEW MATERIAL. — UM VD 17 part of right hemi-mandible with alveolus of p1, p2, fragments of p3 roots, p4-m1. DESCRIPTION The right hemi-mandible VD 17 is broken off in front of the p1 alveolus and behind the m1. The mandibular corpus is relatively shallow with a small mental foramen under the missing p3. The p2 is high, slender, elongate and asymmetric, similar in morphology to that of M. olivieri, although larger. The p4 is also high and slender, with a well-marked pacd and two upturned spurs mesially and distally. The m1 has a high and trenchant protoconid, a smaller paraconid and a reduced but not distally placed metaconid; the talonid displays a moderately trenchant hypoconid, a low and thin entocristid and a slightly concave basin that is open distally. These characters match those of a species of Mustelictis. Nevertheless, we are facing the recurring problem of identifying lower dentitions based on upper ones, and vice-versa. Mustelictis piveteaui is a skull and we do not know the mandible, whereas M. olivieri is too small. Some species have been identified as “ Plesictis ” in the Quercy and most of them would fit Mustelictis. Mustelictis crassirostris (Teilhard, 1915) was established on the specimen described by Filhol as Cynodictis crassirostris viverroïde (Filhol 1882: 58, 59) retaining the same name because the species Cynodictis crassirostris is still considered valid. Compared to the type specimen (MNHN.F.QU9135), VD 17 differs in the shallower dentary, the relatively smaller p4 and the less trenchant talonid of m1. It also differs from M. robustus (Filhol, 1877) in the higher p2 and p4 relative to m1 and the pointed p2. The closest species seems to be M. major (Teilhard, 1915) which displays a pointed p2 and a similar p4. Thus, we identify this hemi-mandible as Mustelictis cf. major. A definitive identification will be probably possible with more complete specimens, especially with m2 (Table 3).Published as part of Bonis, Louis de, Gardin, Axelle & Blondel, Cécile, 2019, Carnivora from the early Oligocene of the ' Phosphorites du Quercy' in southwestern France, pp. 601-621 in Geodiversitas 41 (15) on page 614, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2019v41a15, http://zenodo.org/record/369420

Pachycynodon sp. 4 Schlosser 1888

Pachycynodon sp. 4 (Fig. 2G) DESCRIPTION Pachycynodon sp. 4 (Fig. 2G) is a little smaller and more thick-set (size = 6.5 × 8.1). It looks more like the pattern of P. boriei, which, nevertheless, is far larger.Published as part of Bonis, Louis de, Gardin, Axelle & Blondel, Cécile, 2019, Carnivora from the early Oligocene of the ' Phosphorites du Quercy' in southwestern France, pp. 601-621 in Geodiversitas 41 (15) on page 611, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2019v41a15, http://zenodo.org/record/369420

Nimravus Cope 1879

Nimravus Cope, 1879 TYPE SPECIES. — Machaerodus brachyops Cope, 1878 by original designation. REMARKS The genus was created by Cope (1879) for the species M. brachyops from the Oligocene of Nebraska, United States (Cope 1878). One year later, he changed the generic name to Nimravus. The type species is widespread in North America in the middle to late Oligocene (Toohey, 1959). A European species, Nimravus intermedius (Filhol 1872a) has characters that are so close to those of N. brachyops that Toohey wrote, “I cannot, with the available materials and excellent figures in Piveteau’s study, distinguish any consistent morphological differences between N. brachyops and N.intermedius ”. (Toohey 1959: 95). In Europe, Nimravus was present in early and middle Oligocene strata.Published as part of Bonis, Louis de, Gardin, Axelle & Blondel, Cécile, 2019, Carnivora from the early Oligocene of the ' Phosphorites du Quercy' in southwestern France, pp. 601-621 in Geodiversitas 41 (15) on page 615, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2019v41a15, http://zenodo.org/record/369420