Self-organized global control of carbon emissions

There is much disagreement concerning how best to control global carbon emissions. We explore quantitatively how different control schemes affect the collective emission dynamics of a population of emitting entities. We uncover a complex trade-off which arises between average emissions (affecting the global climate), peak pollution levels (affecting citizens' everyday health), industrial efficiency (affecting the nation's economy), frequency of institutional intervention (affecting governmental costs), common information (affecting trading behavior) and market volatility (affecting financial stability). Our findings predict that a self-organized free-market approach at the level of a sector, state, country or continent, can provide better control than a top-down regulated scheme in terms of market volatility and monthly pollution peaks.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure

Design and development of the re-entry sensor system for the CubeSat mission SOURCE

With the number of man-made objects being launched into orbit steadily increasing, space debris is one of the big challenges for future space flight. In order to better assess the danger to humans on Earth’s surface, re-entry should be researched in more detail. SOURCE serves as a 3U+ satellite platform designed and developed by the small satellite student society (KSat e.V.) and the Institute of Space Systems (IRS) at the University of Stuttgart. It was selected by ESA in 2020 to be part of the ‘Fly your Satellite’ program, has successfully completed the CDR and is currently preparing for the MRR. SOURCE’s objectives are education, verification of several cost-saving, not yet space-proven technologies for orbital use, capturing images of meteoroids entering Earth's atmosphere and documenting its own demise during re-entry by analysing atomic oxygen, heat flux- and pressure data. In order to receive data for as long as possible during re-entry, the satellite switches from S-band to Iridium (inter-satellite link) communication at an altitude below 200 km. For the in-situ measurement during the re-entry, SOURCE is equipped with two Flux-Phi-Probe (FIPEX) sensors for the measurement of atomic oxygen and five additional sensor arrays. Each array contains one pressure sensor and two heat flux sensors, one commercial and one developed by the IRS. The arrays are placed at five positions in-line across the satellite to reduce effects of tumbling during the re-entry and to allow for the measurement of gradients. For a first estimation of the expected value ranges, simulations were performed with the software PICLas, developed by the IRS and the Institute of Aero-and Gas Dynamics (IAG) at the University of Stuttgart. In an iterative process, the collected data will be used to further improve this simulation software after the re-entry of the SOURCE satellite. The aim of this paper is to describe the design philosophy and development process of the sensor readout electronics. The tests carried out are presented and the first results are presented

Independent Promotion of Young Talents in Satellite Development on the Full-Scale Satellite Mission SOURCE

The SOURCE mission is the first student satellite developed at the University of Stuttgart. This unique opportunity for undergraduate and graduate students is made possible by the cooperation between the Institute of Space Systems (IRS) and the Small Satellite Student Society (KSat e.V.

Wide-field dynamic astronomy in the near-infrared with Palomar Gattini-IR and DREAMS

There have been a dramatic increase in the number of optical and radio transient surveys due to astronomical transients such as gravitational waves and gamma ray bursts, however, there have been a limited number of wide-field infrared surveys due to narrow field-of-view and high cost of infrared cameras, we present two new wide-field near-infrared fully automated surveyors; Palomar Gattini-IR and the Dynamic REd All-sky Monitoring Survey (DREAMS). Palomar Gattini-IR, a 25 square degree J-band imager that begun science operations at Palomar Observatory, USA in October 2018; we report on survey strategy as well as telescope and observatory operations and will also providing initial science results. DREAMS is a 3.75 square degree wide-field imager that is planned for Siding Spring Observatory, Australia; we report on the current optical and mechanical design and plans to achieve on-sky results in 2020. DREAMS is on-track to be one of the first astronomical telescopes to use an Indium Galium Arsenide (InGaAs) detector and we report initial on-sky testing results for the selected detector package. DREAMS is also well placed to take advantage and provide near-infrared follow-up of the LSST

Palomar Gattini-IR: Survey overview, data processing system, on-sky performance and first results

Palomar Gattini-IR is a new wide-field, near-infrared (NIR) robotic time domain survey operating at Palomar Observatory. Using a 30 cm telescope mounted with a H2RG detector, Gattini-IR achieves a field of view (FOV) of 25 sq. deg. with a pixel scale of 8.”7 in J-band. Here, we describe the system design, survey operations, data processing system and on-sky performance of Palomar Gattini-IR. As a part of the nominal survey, Gattini-IR scans ≈7500 square degrees of the sky every night to a median 5σ depth of 15.7 AB mag outside the Galactic plane. The survey covers ≈15,000 square degrees of the sky visible from Palomar with a median cadence of 2 days. A real-time data processing system produces stacked science images from dithered raw images taken on sky, together with point-spread function (PSF)-fit source catalogs and transient candidates identified from subtractions within a median delay of ≈4 hr from the time of observation. The calibrated data products achieve an astrometric accuracy (rms) of ≈0.”7 with respect to Gaia DR2 for sources with signal-to-noise ratio > 10, and better than ≈0.”35 for sources brighter than ≈12 Vega mag. The photometric accuracy (rms) achieved in the PSF-fit source catalogs is better than ≈3% for sources brighter than ≈12 Vega mag and fainter than the saturation magnitude of ≈8.5 Vega mag, as calibrated against the Two Micron All Sky Survey catalog. The detection efficiency of transient candidates injected into the images is better than 90% for sources brighter than the 5σ limiting magnitude. The photometric recovery precision of injected sources is 3% for sources brighter than 13 mag, and the astrometric recovery rms is ≈0.”9. Reference images generated by stacking several field visits achieve depths of ≳16.5 AB mag over 60% of the sky, while it is limited by confusion in the Galactic plane. With a FOV ≈40× larger than any other existing NIR imaging instrument, Gattini-IR is probing the reddest and dustiest transients in the local universe such as dust obscured supernovae in nearby galaxies, novae behind large columns of extinction within the galaxy, reddened microlensing events in the Galactic plane and variability from cool and dust obscured stars. We present results from transients and variables identified since the start of the commissioning period

Wide-field dynamic astronomy in the near-infrared with Palomar Gattini-IR and DREAMS

There have been a dramatic increase in the number of optical and radio transient surveys due to astronomical transients such as gravitational waves and gamma ray bursts, however, there have been a limited number of wide-field infrared surveys due to narrow field-of-view and high cost of infrared cameras, we present two new wide-field near-infrared fully automated surveyors; Palomar Gattini-IR and the Dynamic REd All-sky Monitoring Survey (DREAMS). Palomar Gattini-IR, a 25 square degree J-band imager that begun science operations at Palomar Observatory, USA in October 2018; we report on survey strategy as well as telescope and observatory operations and will also providing initial science results. DREAMS is a 3.75 square degree wide-field imager that is planned for Siding Spring Observatory, Australia; we report on the current optical and mechanical design and plans to achieve on-sky results in 2020. DREAMS is on-track to be one of the first astronomical telescopes to use an Indium Galium Arsenide (InGaAs) detector and we report initial on-sky testing results for the selected detector package. DREAMS is also well placed to take advantage and provide near-infrared follow-up of the LSST

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in a patient with total situs inversus – case report

For many years, laparoscopic cholecystectomy remains the method of choice for both the treatment of symptomatic cholelithiasis, and chronic and acute cholecystitis (1). The experience of the surgeon grows with each laparoscopic procedure, which enables to operate in case of difficult anatomical conditions and associated anatomical variants. The aim of the study was to present a case of a 47-year old male patient with total situs inversus and several months history of recurrent left epigastric pain, radiating to the left scapula, being accompanied by nausea and vomiting. The study presented the operative technique of laparoscopic cholecystectomy and postoperative period data. In conclusion, laparoscopic cholecystectomy in a patient with total situs inversus is possible and safe, providing relevant precautions. The main issues certainly include a good and feasible plan of the operation, discussion concerning the possible intraoperative and postoperative complications, a good plan considering the localization of the trocars, as well as an experienced surgical team. One should also not forget that early conversion to classical cholecystectomy is not considered as failure, but might prevent accidental damage of the biliary ducts and long-term complications

IRAS -New technologies for low cost satellites

To persist in the space business low cost satellites with a short production time and life-spans of 1-4 years are the way to go. In the Integrated Digital Research Platform for Affordable Satellites (IRAS) project we work towards making affordable technologies fit for space. Off-the-shelf components e. g. from automotive industry are researched andadapted to make them usable in space. To achieve this, additive manufacturing techniques using polymeric, metallic, and ceramic materials are combined with multifunctional and bionic structures, resulting in lightweight, cost-efficient and integrated structures. Satellite propulsion is also considered and two green propulsion systems are being developed.Furthermore, a Digital Concurrent Engineering Platform (DCEP) is under development. This platform will enable engineers to jointly develop satellites in anew way without the need of physical proximity.This paper presents the concepts and current developments in these fields and details how new technologies can be combined to develop multifunctional structures such as the integration shielding against cosmic raysdirectly into additively manufactured satellite structures. These new developments are integrated in the technology demonstrator satellite missions SOURCE, a CubeSat, and a microsat OREUS