Feeding responses of carabid beetles to dimethoate-contaminated prey

1 The feeding responses of Pterostichus madidus Fab., P. melanarius Illiger and Nebria brevicollis Fab. (Coleoptera: Carabidae) to dimethoate-contaminated prey were investigated in 'no-choice' and 'choice' feeding tests. 2 In the no-choice tests, starved beetles were presented with aphid prey treated with four concentrations of dimethoate. In the choice tests, treated and untreated prey were presented together and the feeding preferences of the starved beetles observed. 3 No avoidance or rejection behaviour was seen in any of the carabids in either of the tests, i.e. no discrimination of the treated and untreated prey was observed. 4 Sufficient dimethoate was consumed with the aphid prey to cause significant mortality levels in the carabids. 5 The concentrations of dimethoate used in these experiments are comparable to field exposure, so carabids feeding in treated fields and field margins could potentially suffer lethal effects via the indirect exposure route of consuming contaminated prey

Predacion de semillas de Amaranthus quitensis H.B.K. en un cultivo de soja: influencia del sistema de siembra Predation of Amaranthus quitensis H.B.K. seeds in soybean crops: influence of the tillage system

El objetivo fue evaluar las pérdidas del banco superficial de semillas de Amaranthus quitensis H.B.K. (yuyo colorado) debidas a la predación por insectos en un cultivo de soja y en el barbecho posterior, en dos sistemas de laboreo. Los experimentos se realizaron durante las campañas 94/95 y 95/96. Para calcular la tasa de predación se emplearon bandejas cubiertas con tejido para evitar el ingreso de roedores y con tela de tul en los tratamientos testigos; en cada una se sembraron 100 semillas de la maleza y cada 15 días se registró el número de semillas remanentes. Para determinar los insectos presentes y su abundancia se emplearon trampas "pitfall". Entre los insectos capturados se encontró el carábido Notiobia cupripennis, su mayor abundancia se registró en marzo (4,5 y 5,8 insectos/trampa en convencional y 2,7 y 3,3 insectos/trampa en siembra directa), coincidiendo con las tasas de predación más altas (5,6% y 8% en convencional y 2,7% y 3,8% en siembra directa); tanto en abundancia como en predación se observaron diferencias significativas entre ambos sistemas. A partir de este mes, las diferencias no fueron significativas, el número de insectos y la tasa de predación disminuyeron. En ambos años existió una correlación positiva entre estas variables.<br>The objective was to evaluate the losses of the superficial bank of Amaranthus quitensis seeds, due to insect predation, in a soybean crop and in the subsequent fallow, in two tillage systems. Experiments were conducted during 1994/95 and 1995/96. To estimate predation rates, trays covered with wire meshes to prevent rodent predation, and with fine sheer net (tulle) in the control treatment were used; 100 weed seeds were sown in each tray, and the number of remaining seeds was registered every 15 days. Pitfall traps were used to identify insects species occurring in the field and to estimate their abundance. The carabid Notiobia cupripennis was captured in pitfall traps, the higher population found during March (4.5 and 5.8 insect/trap in conventional tillage and 2.7 and 3.3 insect/trap in no-tillage). The highest predation rates was also registered in March (5.6% and 8% in conventional tillage and 2.7% and 3.8% in no-tillage) and both systems were significantly different as to abundance and predation. No significant differences were found from April to June, and the number of insects and predation rates decreased. There was a positive correlation between the predation rates and the values of insect abundance in both years

Predação de sementes de plantas daninhas em áreas cultivadas Weed seeds predation in cultivaded fields

Na investigação das relações ecológicas entre as espécies, observou-se que certos animais, principalmente insetos, alimentavam-se de sementes de plantas daninhas antes e depois da sua deiscência, reduzindo a entrada de sementes no banco de sementes do solo e, portanto, a quantidade total de propágulos disponíveis à germinação. Em situações favoráveis à atividade dos predadores, o consumo de sementes pode ser significativo, chegando a 90% do total de sementes produzidas. Esse processo depende, basicamente, das condições de ambiente e das práticas de manejo adotadas, como: método de preparo do solo, espécie cultivada, densidade e espaçamento da cultura e também do tamanho da lavoura. Deste modo, a predação de sementes pode ser uma ferramenta natural importante para o manejo integrado de plantas daninhas. Todavia são necessários estudos com maior consistência dos fatores envolvidos na regulação do processo de consumo de sementes para elucidação e orientação de práticas culturais que maximizem a intensidade de ocorrência desta forma biológica de manejo de infestantes.<br>In investigating ecological relations among species, it has been observed that various animals, mainly insects, feed on weed seeds before and after their dehiscence, reducing seed replenishment in the soil and total amount of propagules available for future germination. Under favorable conditions for predation activity, consumption of seeds can be quite high, reaching as much as 90% of total seeds produced. This process depends, basically, on environmental conditions and on management practices adopted, as soil preparation method, crop species, crop density and spacing, and on the size of cultivated area. Therefore, seed predation is an important natural tool to be used in integrated weed management. Nevertheless, seed predation requires additional studies in order to elucidate more consintently the factors involved in the regulation of seed consumption process, and through this elucidation, to guide adoption of cultural practices which could increase occurrence intensity of this biological method of weed management