Simulation and Prediction of Groundwater Quality of a Semi-Arid Region Using Fuzzy Inference System and Neural Network Techniques

The groundwater is the main source of domestic and agricultural purposes in the arid and semi-arid regions where the surface water availability is limited. To protect and manage the groundwater system effectively, a thorough knowledge and understanding of groundwater quality and application of computational methods to simulate the complex and nonlinear groundwater system are paramount necessary. Generally, three types of models such as physically based model, conceptual models and Blackbox models are applied to study the interconnected processes in the subsurface media. In this study, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) (3 Models with 1, 2 and 3 outputs) was used to simulate and predict the concentration of groundwater quality parameters and Mamdani Fuzzy Inference System (MFIS) was used to simulate the water quality indices. Classification algorithms of NEUROSHELL and MATLAB were used to predict the class of items in a data set. The model was constructed using already-labelled items of similar data sets. The WQI of 29 samples was determined using weighted average method. Based on MFIS, 10 samples were classified as ‘good’, four samples as ‘poor’ and remaining samples as ‘very poor’. The simulation model using the classification algorithm of ANN was used to predict the concentration of groundwater quality parameters and it was observed that three ANN models values and the actual data fit well with correlation coefficient varying from 0.93 to 0.99. When the soft computing techniques can be coupled with geospatial and geostatical method to map the spatial and temporal distribution of water quality parameters

Tensile properties of cotton yarns after slack swelling and stretching in presence and absence of sodium hydroxide

284-289The properties of ring- and rotor-spun cotton yarns subjected to combined swelling and stretching in presence and absence of aqueous sodium hydroxide (21%w/w) at pre-determined time intervals have been studied. Yarns stretched in the solution exhibit spectacular changes in their properties. The increment in shrinkage values is found to be more in slack swollen rotor-spun yarns as compared to that in ring-spun yarns. Crystallinity values show a decreasing trend with the increase in swelling time. Yarns stretched in solution show a tremendous increase in packing fraction. Tenacity and elongation values show significant increase with the solution stretch. The values of packing fraction, tenacity and per cent elongation are found to be higher in the case of ring-spun yarns. Scanning electron microscopy proves the swellability and packing of fibres in the yarns